INTRODUCTION
What are Data Summary Grids?
The DSG will be used to develop behavioral objectives based on data from the formative assessment and secondary data. These data will then be used to inform the development of the Modeling component, namely the print serial dramas. DSG helps to familiarize scriptwriters and other interested parties with a body of research on aspects of Ethiopian culture, behaviors, perceptions, and factors that put Ethiopians at risk for HIV infection or make it difficult for infected people to live positively with HIV or AIDS.
The data summarized in bulleted items in the grids are taken from the Preliminary Report of National HIV/AIDS Behavioral Surveillance Survey, 2nd Round (2005, MOH), Demographic and Health Survey (2005, Central Statistics Agency), AIDS in Ethiopia, 6TH Report (2006, MOH), and other literatures. The data taken from these various research reports was first broken into facilitators of or barriers for, desired behavior change. Then, these facilitators and barriers were grouped into the separate grids on the following topics: 1) Faithfulness 2) Abstinence 3) KAP ON HIV/AIDS/STIs 4) Stigma and Discrimination 5) KAP on Condoms 6) Sexual Behaviors and Risk Perception 7) HIV testing and exposure to interventions
How do you Use the Data Summary Grids?
The DSG are used whenever a player lands on a facilitator (F) or barrier (B) square. If you or your team land on a facilitator square, you/your team will use the summary grids to identify an appropriate facilitator (be it environmental, personal or social) that will assist your character achieve his or her behavioral objective. If you or your team land on a Barrier square, it is up to your opponents to use the summary grids to identify an appropriate barrier that your character will have to overcome to achieve his or her behavioral objective.
Are Different Types of Data Used Differently?
When using these grids, it is important to consider the type of the data. If a bulleted point is expressed in a statistical or quantitative manner, it is likely to represent a “hard” fact about things like the use of services, rates of infection, average age of sexual initiation, percentage of people that claim to use a condom, etc. Such facts are useful because they reflect key aspects of the environment in which we live. If bulleted points aren’t expressed in a statistical or quantitative manner, they are taken from qualitative interviews and focus group discussions. This kind of data is intended to explain how people and situations are perceived by some Ethiopians. Though it is not factual in the same way as quantitative data is, qualitative data provides critical information because perceptions and beliefs count. The way we view our society, ourselves and others is a critical factor that guides our behavior. Although facts and perceptions are equally important, they must be used in a storyline in different ways. For instance, just because some people say that “condoms carry virus” does not mean that it is true, still, the fact that some people believe it to be true can have a direct impact on how they understand risky behaviors and even on how they themselves behave.
Organization of the Data Summary Grids
Layout of Grids: The first half of each grid lists bulleted information that might be seen as a facilitator to behavior change. The second half of the grid lists information that might be a barrier for desired behavior change. It is important to note that certain bits of information can be both barriers and facilitators. For instance, the data that “among youth, only 60%of young men and 40% of young women could name two programmatically important methods of prevention” is a barrier to behavior change since the data implied that 40% of the young men and 60% of the young women couldn’t name two programmatically important methods of HIV prevention, but it can be a facilitator to behavior change since the stated percentage of the police members have the required knowledge will encouraging positive behavior change in prevention activities.
In each half, the bullets are divided into one of the three columns. The first column lists bulleted information about the police. The middle column marked “General Population” lists bulleted information that came from a Youth and general populations and the final column marked “Special population” lists information about Female Sex workers.
Codes after each Bulleted Item: After most of the bulleted items, there is a code indicating whether the person or group was a Youth (Y) or Truck driver (T). Sometimes, there will be another code indicating the source of the data. For instance (BSS) refers to the National Ethiopian Behavioral Surveillance Survey report of 2002 and preliminary finding from BSS II by Ministry of Health, (C) refers to the first preliminary draft report on the Rapid Assessment of the Ethio-Djibouti Transportation Corridor (CDC-Ethiopia), On the other hand, (Y-BSS or T-BSS) refers to the type of people and the source of the data together. For the purpose of the Pathways to Change game, the codes may be useful in identifying the kinds of people who have certain perceptions and beliefs. If the item is in the third column, it means that the item is generally applicable to Female sex workers (FSW/CSW).
Some Common Abbreviations
In the data summary grids, a few abbreviations are used. These include:
OSY-Out-of-school youth, ISY-In-school-youth
FSW – Female sex worker (prostitute)
ICBD -Inter City Bus Driver
HIV+ – The status of someone who is infected with HIV
PLWHA – People Living with HIV/AIDS
STD – Sexually Transmitted Disease
VCT – Voluntary Counseling and Testing
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Faithfulness 6
1.1 Facilitators 6
1.2 Barrier 7
2. Abstinence 8
2.1 Facilitators 8
2.2 Barriers 9
3. Hiv/aids, sti and related knowledge 11
3.1 Facilitators 11
3.2 Barriers 16
4. Stigma and Discrimination 19
4.1 Facilitators 19
4.2 Barriers 20
5. Sexual Behavior and Risk Perception 22
5.1 Facilitators 22
5.2 Barriers 24
6. KAP ON Condom 30
6.1 Facilitators 30
6.2 Barriers 33
7. HIV Testing and Exposure to Intervention 35
7.1 Facilitators 35
7.2 Barriers 36
1. Faithfulness
Facilitators
STUDENT / GENERAL POPULATION / SPECIAL POPULATION /v Highest proportion of the students (74.4%) knew that faithfulness as a means of avoiding AIDS. (KAB study in Addis Ababa, Ethiop. J. health Dev, vol. 9 , 1995) / v Among young people of both sexes, fidelity appears to be much better understood as a method of prevention than either condom use or abstinence. (Govindasamy,2002 ; HIV/AIDS and youth in Ethiopia , an over view of current research, Sept 2004)
v
Barrier
STUDENT / GENERAL POPULATION / SPECIAL POPULATION /v Most of the male students feel more at risk when they consider their sexual partners unfaithful. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct 2006)
v Students who stick to one sexual partner are usually branded as uncivilized of “Fara” in local terms. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct 2006)
v Other important reason for taking perceived risk is that a very considerable number of students are not comfortable of having sex with one sexual partner. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct 2006) / v A 2002 qualitative study conducted in Addis Ababa suggested that having multiple sexual partners was relatively common among young people. (Taffa,2002 ; HIV/AIDS and youth in Ethiopia , an over view of current research, Sept 2004)
v Over 33% of the OSY who knew the message ‘Be Faithful’ had had more than one sexual partner in the previous 12 months. ( KABP survey, October 2006)
v As of 2000, 64% of males and 7% of females 15-24 reported having had at least one sexual partner other than their regular partner in the past twelve months (DHS,2000)
v Over 33% of the OSY who knew the message “be faithful” had had more than one partner in the previous 12 months. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct, 2006)
2. Abstinence
Facilitators
STUDENT / GENERAL POPULATION / SPECIAL POPULATION /v 22.5% mentioned abstinence as a preventive method of HIV/AIDS. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS among AAU students, 2002)
v 49.9% of the respondents reported that they would put abstinence as a first choice as a preventive method. . (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct 2006) / v A survey of in- and out school in Addis Ababa found that “females favored intention for sexual abstention more than condom use since the former is much more under their volitional control”. (Taffa,2002; HIV/AIDS and youth in Ethiopia , an over view of current research, Sept 2004)
Barriers
STUDENT / GENERAL POPULATION / SPECIAL POPULATION /v The majority of the respondents failed to consider abstinence as the best preventive method, because adolescence period is the time when adolescents engage in sexual discovery and get fun of the heterosexual intercourse.
v Sex before marriage is reported to be an accepted behavior by most students. For male students, sex before marriage is taken as an adventure. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct, 2006)
v Usually female students do not want to engage in sexual contact before marriage unless their friends deceive them. . (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct, 2006)
v Few of the female students want to engage in sex before marriage for economic reasons in order to solve their immediate needs. . (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct, 2006)
v The respondents cited a number of reasons why male students are having premarital sex because:-
- they want to prove their compatibility with their sexual partners before they get married because sexually incompatibility is considered as one the fundamental causes for the dissolution by divorce of marriages in this country.
- Students are having premarital sex for the pursuit of new feelings or tests.
- Male premarital sex is not only tolerated but also encourage by the society.
(KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct, 2006) / v A qualitative study conducted in four regions suggested that young people who abstained were perceived as unpopular, unfaithful, undesirable, non-sexual (girls), effeminate, impotent, confident, and well-informed (boys). (Bogale,2004; HIV/AIDS and youth in Ethiopia , an over view of current research ,Sept 2004)
v A qualitative study of male street youth in Dessie found out that abstinence and fidelity were “ not effective[ HIV-prevention] strategies” for the informants, who were generally unaware of the benefits of abstinence, and unable to marry of establish monogamous relationships because of their low social status. ( Tadele, 2000; HIV/AIDS and youth in Ethiopia , an over view of current research, Sept 2004)
v More than 60% of the older OSY had had premarital sex despite knowing that abstinence could protect them from HIV/AIDS. ( KABP survey, October 2006)
More than 60% of the OSY had premarital sex despite knowing that abstinence could protect them from HIV/AIDS. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct, 2006)
v
3. Hiv/aids, sti and related knowledge
Facilitators
STUDENT / GENERAL POPULATION / SPECIAL POPULATION /v 87% of the students reported that they knew someone infected with HIV/AAIDS. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct, 2006)
v Of the respondents who knew someone infected with the virus 53% had their very close friend of relative who has contracted the virus. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct, 2006)
v Among the respondents who knew someone infected with HIV/AIDS identified loss of weight , diarrhea and continuous coughing as a symptoms of HIV infection (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS among AAU students, 2002)
v 32% of the respondents said that consistent use of condom during sexual intercourse and trust between partners are the best method of reducing the risk of getting infected by AIDS virus. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct, 2006)
v 95.27% of the respondents reported that they have heard of the male condom. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct, 2006)
v 90.09%, 84.62%, 40.56%, 78.67%, 72.14%, 79.25%, 60.26%, 53.5%, 49.8% and 39.63% of the respondents said that they could find male condom in shops, pharmacy, market, university, clinic, hospital, family planning provision centers, bars/guest houses, from peer educations and friends respectively. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct, 2006)
v 83.6% of the respondents said that they knew female condom. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct, 2006)
v A total of 40 respondents reported that they have contracted STDs at least once in their life time of which 40% of them have raised the issue with health workers, sexual partners, friends and their families. . (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS, STD, and RH among AAU students, Oct 2006)
v The majority of the respondents knew the major modes of HIV transmission. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS among AAU students, 2002)
v 96.26%, 91%, 86.2% of the students reported that receipt of infected blood, sex with more than one partner and common use of sharp skin piercing instruments as a mode of transmission respectively. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS among AAU students, 2002)
v 95.42%, 92.4%, 86.28 of the respondents reported to obtain information about HIV/AIDS from radio, newspaper and TV respectively.
v 75.98% of the respondents reported to obtain information about HIV/AIDS from university and college sources. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS among AAU students, 2002)
v Open discussion about sexual matters and HIV/AIDS with family members is believed to play a crucial role in imparting accurate information about HIV/AIDS and its protective methods and help minimize the risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS among AAU students, 2002)
v 81.97%, 76.5%, 68.3% of the freshman students cited having only one sexual partner, avoiding common use of sharp skin piercing instruments and condom use respectively as a means of avoiding HIV infection. (KAPB survey on HIV/AIDS among AAU students, 2002)