ADVANCED PLACEMENT AMERICAN HISTORY
SEMINAR READINGS AND NOTES
2005-2006
Table of Contents
Seminar and Debate ………………………………………………………………………2
Conversation ……………………………………………………… …………………….3
1.1 A Model of Christian Charity …………………………………………………….4
1.2 Common Sense and the Crisis …………………………………………………...8
1.3 The Declaration of Independence ………………………………………………13
1.4 American Political Thought …………………………………………………….15
2.1 Washington’s Farewell Address ………………………………………………..19
2.2 Jefferson’s Inaugural Address …………………………………………………..25
2.3 The Indian Question …………………………………………………………….28
3.1 A Women’s Place ………………………………………………………………34
3.2 Civil Disobedience ……………………………………………………………...39
3.3 Walden ………………………………………………………………………….46
4.1 Manifest Destiny ………………………………………………………………..50
4.2 Lincoln’s Inaugural Address ……………………………………………………55
4.3 All Men Are Created Equal …………………………………………………….60
5.1 The Significance of the Frontier ………………………………………………..67
5.2 Reflections on the American West ……………………………………………..70
5.3 The Gospel of Wealth …………………………………………………………..76
5.4 The Paradox of Poverty ………………………………………………………...81
6.1 Imperialism ……………………………………………………………………..87
6.2 Progressivism …………………………………………………………………...94
7.1 World War I …………………………………………………………………….99
7.2 ee cummings …………………………………………………………………..104
8.1 Roosevelt’s Inaugural Address ………………………………………………..108
8.2 Cannery Row ………………………………………………………………….114
8.3 Hiroshima ……………………………………………………………………...118
9.1 Kennedy’s Inaugural Address …………………………………………………125
9.2 Vietnam ………………………………………………………………………..129
10.1 Letters from the Birmingham Jail ……………………………………………..136
10.2 Generations ……………………………………………………………………143
APPENDIX A – What is an American? ………………………………………………149
APPENDIX B - Poems of Industrial America ………………………………………...152
APPENDIX C – Immigration …………………………………………………………156
APPENDIX E – Nightmare at Noon ………………………………………………….160
Differences Between Debate and Seminar
DEBATE SEMINAR
Begins with the assumption No assumption of absolute right and
of right and wrong positions; wrong; each participant may have
important to defend the some element of “truth” that
“rightness” of a position. collectively contributes to
everyone’s understanding.
Combative in nature, objective to win. Cooperative in nature, objective to
work together to understand and
explore material.
Listen to find flaws in opponents Listen critically to develop
arguments; focus only on weaknesses understanding and meaning; look
and flaws in opponents position; never for insight in others ideas; examine
acknowledge strengths. both strengths and weaknesses.
“Silence” others with the strength of your Encourage everyone’s participation;
arguments and personality. draw out reluctant participants.
Defend assumptions. Explore assumptions.
Attack others’ ideas; exploit weaknesses Support and build upon others’ ideas; looking for strengths in
others’ ideas can advance your own.
Conceal information which does not fit Explore many different facets of the
your position; ignore ideas which do not material; new ideas and perspectives
support your position. are desirable.
Seeks a conclusion that is exactly the same Seeks to have everyone see things
as your original position. differently than before.
Conversation
This class requires students to discuss ideas formally in
seminars and informally in class discussions and presentations.
One of the advantages of advance classes is having the
opportunity of meaningful interactions with your peers and
teachers. Conversation is a skill, and like any skill, has various
components that need to be practiced.
Understand questions by examining the premises upon which the idea is based.
Empirical questions – issues of fact. These questions are based upon premises that are factual in nature and can be resolved as either right or wrong by examination of the actual facts of the matter.
For example, the following statement is based upon an empirical premise – Capital punishment should exist because it deters crime. Do places without capital punishment have more crime than places that do? Careful scientific research could (theoretical) resolve this question as either true or false.
Value questions – issues of fundamental belief. These questions are based upon premises that are subjective not objective. While value premises can not be proven “right” or “wrong,” they can be examined, questioned, and weighed against other values. For example, the following statement is based upon a value premise – The atomic bomb should not have been dropped on Japan in 1945 because innocent lives were lost. What exactly defines “innocent lives?” Do you accept that as a valid premise? Are there other values of equal or greater importance that could lead someone to another conclusion?
Kinds of Reasoning
- Be aware of your thinking process.
- Deductive – specific to general.
- Inductive – general to specific.
Effective Classroom Discussions
For most of your life you will be expected to articulate your ideas, far more often than you will be expected to write or be tested on your ideas. Debates expect participants to “win,” seminars and discussions are designed to explore and develop ideas.
Some Basic Ground Rules and Suggestions
* Consider class discussions important. * Be prepared to disagree with people
* Prepare for seminars like you would a test. but criticize the idea not the person
* Take notes during discussions and seminars. * Have an open mind, be prepared to
see an idea in a new light.
* Listen to others, ask clarification questions. * Speak loudly and clearly, avoid
* Use peoples names and talk to everyone, not slang and bad grammar.
just the teacher. * Be as interested in what others
* Do not take disagreement personally. have to say as you are in your own
ideas.
Seminar Notes
All answers should be as specific as possible, and unless otherwise stated, given from the point of view from the author. Full credit will be awarded for direct use of the primary source.
USE DIRECT QUOTES FROM THE PRIMARY MATERIAL.
1.1 A Model of Christian Charity John Winthrop
A. Select 2 quotes from the reading and in a paragraph for each, explain why these quotes capture the essence of this document.
B. Select 4 of the below. Each should be explained and supported with the ideas of the author.
1. What does Winthrop say about the inequality of mankind? What are the consequences?
2. What role do justice and mercy play in society?
3. What is the “double law” and how does it apply to New England?
4. What is the responsibility of the individual to the community? What is the responsibility of the community to God?
5. What is the “covenant?”
6. What does Winthrop mean when he describes the “City on the Hill?”
7. What principle(s) do all three documents have in common?
A Model of Christian Charity John Winthrop 1630
A MODEL HEREOF
God Almighty in His most holy and wise providence, hath so disposed of the condition of mankind, as in all times some must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity; others mean and in subjection.
THE REASON HEREOF
First, to hold conformity with the rest of His works, being delighted to show forth the glory of His wisdom in the variety and difference of the creatures; and the glory of His power, in ordering all these differences for the preservation and good of the whole; and the glory of His greatness, that as it is the glory of princes to have many officers, so this great King will have many stewards, counting Himself more honored in dispensing His gifts to man by man than if He did it by His own immediate hands.
Secondly, that He might have the more occasion to manifest the work of His Spirit first upon the wicked in moderating and restraining them, so that the rich and mighty should not eat up the poor, nor the poor and despised rise up against their superiors and shake off their yoke; secondly in the regenerate, in exercising His graces, in them, as in the great ones, their love, mercy, gentleness, temperance, etc., in the poor and interior sort, their faith, patience, obedience, etc.
Thirdly, that every man might have need of other, and from hence they might be all knit more nearly together in the bonds of brotherly affection. From hence it appears plainly that no man is made more honorable than another or more wealthy, etc., out of any particular and singular respect to himself, but for the glory of his creator and the common good of the creature, man.
There are two rules whereby we are to walk one towards another: justice and mercy. These are always distinguished in their act and in their object, yet may they both concur in the same subject in each respect; as sometimes there may be an occasion of showing mercy to a rich man in some sudden danger of distress, and also doing of mere justice to a poor man in regard of some particular contract, etc.
There is likewise a double law by which we are regulated in our conversation one towards another in both the former respects: the law of nature and the law of grace, or the moral law or the law of the Gospel. By the first of these laws man as he was enabled so withal [is] commanded to love his neighbor as himself. Upon this ground stands all the precepts of the moral law which concerns our dealings with men. To apply this to the works of mercy, this law requires two things: first, that every man afford his help to another in every want or distress; secondly, that he performed this out of the same affection which makes him careful of his own goods, according to that of our Savior.
Do good to all, especially to the household of faith: Upon this ground the Israelites were to put a difference between the brethren of such as were strangers though not of Canaanites. Third, the law of nature could give no rules for dealing with enemies, for all are to be considered as friends in the state of innocence, but the Gospel commands love to an enemy.
This law of the Gospel propounds likewise a difference of seasons and occasions. There is a time when a Christian must sell all and give to the poor, as they did in the Apostles’ times. There is a time also when a Christian (though they give not all yet) must give beyond their ability. Likewise community of perils calls for extraordinary liberality, and so doth community in some special service for the Church. Lastly, when there is no other means whereby our Christian brother may be relieved in his distress, we must help him beyond our ability, rather than tempt God in pulling him upon help by miraculous or extraordinary means. This duty of mercy is exercised in the kinds, giving, lending and forgiving.
When God gives a special commission He looks to have it strictly observed in every article. When He gave Saul a commission to destroy Amaleck, He indented with him upon certain articles, and because he failed in one of the least, and that upon a fair pretense, it lost him the kingdom which should have been his reward if he had observed his commission.
Thus stands the cause between God and us. We are entered into covenant with Him for this work. We have taken out a commission, the Lord hath given us leave to draw our own articles. We have professed to enterprise these actions, upon these and those ends, we have hereupon besought Him of favorer and blessing. Now if the Lord shall please to hear us, and bring us in peace to the place we desire, then hath He ratified this covenant and scaled our commission, [and] will expect a strict performance of the articles contained in it; but if we shall neglect the observation of these articles which are the ends we have propounded, and, dissembling with our God, shall fail to embrace this present world and prosecute our carnal intentions, seeking great things for ourselves and our posterity, the Lord will surely break out in wrath against us; be revenged of such a perjured people and make us know the price of the breach of such a covenant.
Now the only way to avoid this shipwreck, and to provide for our posterity, is to follow the counsel of Micah, to do justly, to love mercy, to walk humbly with our God. For this end, we must be knit together in this work as one man. We must entertain each other in brotherly affection, we must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities, for the supply of other’s necessities. We must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness, gentleness, patience and liberality. We must delight in each other, make other’s conditions our own, rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, our community as members of the same body.
So shall we keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace. The Lord will be our God, and delight to dwell among us as His own people, and will command a blessing upon us in all our ways, so that we shall see much more of His wisdom, power, goodness and truth, than formerly we have been acquainted with. We shall find that the God of Israel is among us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies; when He shall make us a praise and glory that men shall say of succeeding plantations, “the lord make it like that of NEW ENGLAND.”
For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us, so that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world. We shall open the months of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God, and all professors for God’s sake. We shall shame the faces of many of God’s worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us ‘til we be consumed out of the good land whether we are agoing.
We are commanded this day to love the Lord our God, and to love one another, to walk in His ways and to keep his commandments, that we may live and be multiplied, and that our Lord our God may bless us in the land whither we go to possess it But if our hearts shall turn away, so that we will not obey, but shall be seduced, and worship other gods, our pleasures and profits, and serve them; it is propounded onto us this day, we shall surely perish out of the good land whether we pass over this vast sea to possess it.
Seminar Notes
All answers should be as specific as possible, and unless otherwise stated, given from the point of view from the author. Full credit will be awarded for direct use of the primary source.
USE DIRECT QUOTES FROM THE PRIMARY MATERIAL.