General Biology (BIO 10)

MWF 11:00 – 11:50

Exam 1

Study Guide

Exam Format:

50 (2 pts each) multiple choice questions + 10 extra credit (1 pt each) multiple choice questions.

Study Hints:

Read through each chapter carefully.

Review your notes and fill out any parts that you missed.

Make sure to get a copy of someone’s notes for any days you missed.

Study vocabulary so that you can recognize words used in context.

Make sure that you understand the concepts that we discussed.

Chapter 1:

What is a kingdom? What 6 kingdoms are recognized in Biology?

What are the properties of life?

Be able to recognize the various levels of the organization of life.

Unifying themes: evolution, flow of energy, cooperation, structure determines function, homeostasis.

Inductive vs. deductive reasoning.

Review the scientific method, especially controls, hypotheses, theories.

Chapter 2:

Anatomy & basic properties of an atom

Ions & Isotopes

C14 dating

Oxidation & reduction

Different types of bonds (ionic, covalent, hydrogen, peptide)

Important characteristics of water

pH scale & Buffers

Chapter 3:

Macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids & their building blocks)

Polymers & Monomers

Carbohydrates – simple sugars

Proteins – amino acids

Levels of protein structure

Nucleic acids – nucleotides

Lipids – fatty acids

Glucose polymers glycogen & starch

Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids

Chapter 4:

Basic cell & organelle structure – functions of different organelles

What is an organelle?

Cell Theory

Fluid Mosaic model of membrane structure
Phospholipids

Origin of mitochondria & chloroplasts

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Cilia & flagella

Transport across membranes (diffusion [simple & facilitated], osmosis, active transport)

Endocytosis & exocytosis

Chapter 5:

Potential and kinetic energy

1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics

Entropy

Activation energy

Catalysis & enzymes

Enzyme function

Factors that affect enzyme function

How cells regulate Enzyme function

ATP structure & function

Chapter 6:

Photosynthesis know the 2 parts of the light reaction & the Calvin cycle – main purpose of each

Where does photosynthesis occur? In which cells? In which organelle?

Parts of a chloroplast

Reactants & products of photosynthesis(equation)

Photons

Photosystems I and II

Chemiosmosis (know how it works & that it is important in photosynthesis & cellular resp.)

Photorespiration

C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis

Chapter 7:

Reactants & products of cellular respiration (equation)

Know the parts of cellular respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain) Where does each occur?

Function of cellular respiration

When is oxygen necessary?

Electron carrier molecules (like NAD+and FADH+)

How many ATP from Glycolysis, Krebs & electron transport chain? How NADH & FADH2?

All cells can use glycolysis.

Fermentation – in absence of oxygen fermentation resets NADH to NAD+ so glycolysis continues

Chapter 8:

Cell cycle basics (Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (PMAT), & Cytokinesis)

Mitosis what happens during each phase of mitosis?

When is DNA duplicated in mitosis & meiosis?

What is a chromosome?

Centromere

Sister chromatids

Homologous Chromosomes

Chapter 9:

In meiosis, when do homologous chromosomes separate?

When do sister chromatids separate in meiosis?

Know what happens in meiosis I vs. meiosis II

Synapsis & Crossing over (Prophase I)

Independent assortment (Metaphase I)

Diploid vs. haploid

What processes increase genetic diversity?

Chapter 10:

Heredity

Dominant vs. recessive traits

Genes & Alleles

Homozygous (true-breeding) vs. Heterozygous

Genotype vs. phenotype

Ratios 3:1 and 1:2:1

Know how to use a Punnett square for one trait (Pp x Pp)

Incomplete dominance & Codominance

Continuous variation

Pleiotropic effects

Environmental effects

Epistasis

What is a testcross for?

Mendel’s laws (segregation & independent assortment)

ABO blood types (phenotypes A, B, O, AB & genotypes OO, AO, AA, AB, BB, BO)

Chromosomal theory of inheritance

Pedigrees

Chapter 11:

Structure of DNA

Nucleotides & their structure (phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base)

Nucleotide bases adenine guanine cytosine & thymine – which pairs with which?

Complementary strands of DNA – be able to match a strand to its complement. (ATGGCCA - ?)

Basics of DNA replication

DNA Polymerase

Mutations

Chapter 12:

Mechanism of gene expression – central dogma

mRNA, tRNA

Codons & anticodons

Function of transcription & translation and where each occurs in the cell

RNA polymerase

Genetic code (be able to read chart) – universal

Regulating gene expression