AP EURO: LECTURE OUTLINE pp. 651-656
THE EMERGENCE OF A MASS SOCIETY:
The Second Industrial Revolution after 1870 -
1. New patterns of industrial production
2. Mass consumption
3. Working-class organization
Aspects of the of the new mass society emerging after 1870 -
1. Larger and improved urban environment
2. New patterns of social structure
3. Mass education
4. Mass leisure
POPULATION GROWTH AND EMIGRATION:
Dramatic pop growth between 1850 and 1910 -
1850 - 270 million
1910 - 460 million
Cause of the pop increase
1850-1880 = rising birthrate
1880-1910 = decline in death rates
Causes of the decline in death rate after 1880 =
1. Medical discoveries - vaccinations, etc.
2. Environmental conditions
Improvements in the urban environment - clean water, sewage disposal
Improved nutrition
Emigration -
1.. Poor people moved from rural to industrialized areas
2. Emigration within Europe
3. After 1900 - massive emigration from southern and eastern Europe to N. America
4. Between 1846 and 1932 - 60 million people left Europe to go to N. America
TRANSFORMATION OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT:
Causes of urbanization -
1. Industrialization
2. Pop growth
Massive increase in the urban pop in this time period
Massive growth in the size of cities in this time period -
Cities with pop over 100,000 - 1800 = 21 cities/1900 = 147 cities
Why did cities grow?
1. Migration from rural to urban
2. Economic necessity - unemployment and landless in the countryside
3. Jobs in the cities
4. Cities became more attractive due to better health and living conditions
IMPROVING LIVING CONDITIONS:
Urban reformers in the 1840’s - Edwin Chadwick
Sanitary reforms
Boards of Health created in cities to monitor and enforce public health measures
Medical officers and building inspectors
Building regulations and zoning laws
The Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain - regs for the construction of new buildings
Clean water to cities -
1. Dams and reservoirs to store water
2. Aqueducts, tunnels and pipes to carry it into and throughout cities
Construction of sewer systems in cities in the second half of the 19th century
HOUSING NEEDS:
Overcrowded, disease ridden slums were seen as -
1. Dangerous to physical health
2. Dangerous to the political and moral health of the nation
Good housing =
1. Stable family life
2. Stable society
Octavia Hill = British housing reformer
1. Rehab old housing
2. Constructed new housing
The British garden city movement - construction of new towns separated from each other by open country to provide for recreation, health and sense of community
Two different approaches to dealing with the housing crisis -
1. Mid 19th century = rely on the private sector/private enterprise to solve it
2. Late 19th century = government intervention/municipal housing
REDESIGNING THE CITIES:
The old confined restrictive layouts of medieval cities was were wiped away in the second half of the 19th century -
1. Tearing down of old defensive city walls
2. Areas converted to parks and boulevards
3. The Ringstrasse in Vienna
4. Old working class slum areas in city centers were ripped out and replaced
5. New town halls, govt office buildings, retail stores, museums, cafes, and theatres for the middle classes
6. As cities expanded and people were pushed out of city centers the populations spread out
7. Construction of streetcars and commuter trains
8. The development of suburbs = the separation of work and home