Special Area
The Bad and the Ugly: Understanding Crime and Criminals
A history of Crime : From Pirates to Phiserman
PIRATES
1) Piracy Refers to an act of Criminal Violence in the sea. (thus, Piracy in the World of Internet means that we are stealing something in the sea which they refer as the INTERNET)
2)The English Channel and State of Malacca were the one’s that were often met with Piracy
3) In the modern World They come under Customary International Law which means they are different for Different Regions based on their Customs.(As Per accepted by the International Court of Justice: UN)
4) The Oldest Pirates were Greek and Roman Who Heavily traded Slaves
5) The Vikings were Pirates during the Middle Ages
6) In Africa it is believed(Pirate Utopia) that there was a Captain Mission present there Who had the Colony of Libertatia in the 17thCentury
7) In the 18thCentury, Persian Gulf was known as the Pirate Coast for the heavy loots there…These Loots were performed into the British Ships which transported goods from and to India
8) The Caribbean Lands were there which were told to be the Homes of more than 50 Privateers thus it has also got a Movie (The Pirates of Caribbean ) named after it.
6* A Pirate Utopia is a concept proposed by Anarchist Peter Wilson, The Concept Suggests a place whereautonomous proto-anarchistsocieties in that they operated beyond the reach ofgovernmentsand embraced unrestrictedfreedom.
FAMOUS PIRATES (FROM THE Caribbean and Beyond)::
1)William Kidd: Was a Scottish, He was also Involved in the Building of the Trinity Church , He began his career being Commissioned to get the sea rid of Pirates but later turned to be a pirate Himself. His greatest misfortune was raiding the East India Company Ship, When he knew he was being looked upon for this sin, He Buried some of his Treasure into Gardiner’s Island , some of which was Discovered last year near Madagascar. He went to England Jurisdiction and was sentenced o death , hung by Chains along the Thames River.
2)Edward Teach*BLACKBEARD*: He was the best-known and Widely-feared Pirate of his time. He Commanded four Ships and had a crew of more than 300 at the height of his career, He would’ve clutched two Swords with Knives and Pistols ready as well.He has a warship known as HMS”Scarborough”. He captured 40 merchant ships in the Caribbean. He was officially married to a 16-Year Girl, He was beheaded by the Royal British Navy.
3)Henry Every: He started his naval Career by serving the British Royal Navy. He served on various ships which included the Venture known as Spanish Expedition Shipping in 1693. In his time He became the Most Successful and Feared Pirate across the Red Sea. He Captured some of the finest shipping in the Indian Ocean (including a Ship which Carrried bulges of Gold and Jewels from India). He retired but was yet feared and the time and Reason of his Death remains Unknown till date.
4)Anne Bonny: She was a Woman who travelled into the New World with Her Family, Fell I love with a poor Guy named James Bonny, While Growing up and Getting Sick of Her husband’s Lack of Valour , She tried out new men in Nassau, and Like this She met the Captain of a Pirate Ship named Calico Jack Rackham, She Joined His Crew acting like a man(Dressing Like a man, Drinking, fighting etc.). She met another Girl named Mary Read on the Crew and they both then fought together. Later She went to Prison with Rackham and Mary where She and Mary both went pregnant. Her Death Sentence wasn’t Carried out and she Even Returned home to her Husband/or her Father.
5)Cheung Po Tsai: (1800s)He was a Chinese Fisherman’s Son, who along with his Mother were Captured by a Pirate Ship. Later, He abandoned his Mother and Went on to become a Pirate. At the Height of his Career, He had a Crew of more than 50,000 men and Several Hundred Ships , Which is way too more than any Caribbean.He Treasured GuangDong amassing Great Treasure. He was later Caught by the Chinese Government and Was Appointed the Captain in the Qing Imperial Navy. He was Appointed to the Rank of Colonel and spent the Rest of his life aiding the Chinese Government.
PHISERMAN
1) They might steal credit reports
2) The Psychology of Phiserman
3)To Stop Phising many people have suggested to censor emails Before they hit anyone’s Inbox
4) Spear Phiserman: They are the one’s who sent emails to thousands of People at one time
5) They can have Boundless Internal Revenue
6) There are more than a Few Obvious ways to protect yourself from Phising.
7)Losses by Phising were estimated to be $200 Million in 2006, in the US Almone
8) Phisherman Prefer targets who are unaware of the Danger
Many of the remarkable similarities identified result from common legal traditions, especially Roman civil law, English common law and Islamic or sharia law, blended with customary practices. Crimes evolved or were abandoned as societies changed. As the nation state emerged, rebellion and treason attracted ever more severe penalties, while penal servitude grew in importance: someone had to row the galleys and provide the labour that sustained growing empires. In an unintended consequence of state centralisation, regional gangs used expanding road networks to rob and pillage. The aims and motives of criminals have not changed, only the opportunities open to them. Today globalisation defines the criminal frontier, but prohibition laws and financial cunning continue to spawn new forms of crime.
Exceptionally, one chapter is devoted to a single offence, serial murder. Some well-known stories (Gilles de Rais,Elizabeth Báthory) are recounted, together with a reflection on the usefulness of werewolf and vampire tales as a means to investigate its past incidence. The author is on firmer ground in the final two chapters, which bring the study up to the present day. The impact of colonialism, modern execution protocols, burgeoning prison populations, women's rights and the re-emergence of crimes and punishments once thought consigned to history (witchcraft, shaming) are among the topics handled with sensitivity. Swaziland's 1998 search for a new 'hangperson' elicits a flash of (gallows) humour, but generally this is sobering stuff.
The Criminal Mind: Insights from Psychology
ACCORDING TO STUDIES MOST OF THE CRIMINALS HAVE ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER AND in their Brain takes place the Deformation of the Amygdale (Deformation of Emotions).
They have Anti-Social Personality Disorder means that they arecharacterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others. It is the Same thing Which is referred to as Psychopathy or Sociopathy according to DSM (Diagnostic and Statistics Manual) and ICD(International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems).It is led by Trauma. Traumatic events lead to the Disruption of Standard Development of Central Nervous System. The testosterone Hormone Heavily contributes to Aggressiveness in the Brain. It was also Found in Surveys that we find low levels of the Serotonin (Neurotransmitter) in the Brains of the People with ASPD[Low Levels--- Levels below 5HIAA.
Home Environment Heavily Contributes to Someone to get ASPD.
Robert D Hare is a major Figure in Studying ASPD.
Some Experiments Regarding the Psychology of Criminals Include The Stanford Prison Experiment that was performed by Philip Zimbardo in 1971 and has been par of the WSC Curriculum in the Past 3 Years.
The Stanford Prison Experiment is a diverse one. It led to a variety of Conclusions which were largely about , how people react to Authoritarian Rules
The Criminal In Society: Insights from Sociology and Anthropology
Anormativedefinitionviews crime asdeviant behaviourthat violates prevailingnorms–culturalstandards prescribing how humans ought to behave normally. This approach considers the complex realities surrounding the concept of crime and seeks to understand how changingsocial,political,psychological, andeconomicconditions may affect changing definitions of crime and the form of the legal,law-enforcement, and penal responses made by society.
Thesestructuralrealities remain fluid and often contentious. For example: as cultures change and the political environment shifts, societies maycriminaliseordecriminalise certain behaviours, which directly affects thestatisticalcrime rates, influence the allocation of resources for the enforcement oflaws, and (re-)influence the generalpublic opinion.
Similarly, changes in the collection and/or calculation of data on crime may affect the public perceptions of the extent of any given "crime problem". All such adjustments tocrime statistics, allied with the experience of people in their everyday lives, shape attitudes on the extent to which the State should use law orsocial engineeringto enforce or encourage any particularsocial norm. Behaviour can be controlled and influenced by a society in many ways without having to resort to the criminal justice system.
Indeed, in those cases where no clearconsensusexists on a given norm, the drafting ofcriminal lawby the group inpowerto prohibit the behaviour of another group may seem to some observers an improper limitation of the second group'sfreedom, and the ordinary members of society have less respect for the law or laws in general — whether the authorities actually enforce the disputed law or not.
A Guy to investigate while reading about Criminology and Anthropology isCesare Lombroso.
Cesare Lombroso’s theoryofanthropological criminologyessentially stated that criminality wasinherited, and that someone "born criminal" could be identified byphysical (congenital) defects, which confirmed a criminal assavageoratavistic.
Another Guy named Alexandre Lacassagne who formed the Lacassagne School of Criminology had contradictory views, He said that:
"The social environment is the breeding ground of criminality; the germ is the criminal, an element which has no importance until the day where it finds the broth which makes it ferment."
"To the fatalism which ineluctably follows fromanthropological theory, we oppose social initiative."
"Justice shrivels up,prisoncorrupts and society has the criminals it deserves.
(Lacassagne was influenced by Augustus Comte who was part of Last Year’s Syllabus.)
[Lombroso is like Thomas Carlyle(Great Man Theory) and Lacassagne is like Herbert Spencer(Zeitgeist Theory){Both were part of Last Year’s Curriculum}]
Crime as Spectacle: Postmodern Perspectives of Criminology
Considering Criminology in a Postmodernist School, Criminality is understood as a product of the use of power to limit the behaviour of those excluded from Power (in the cases of Prisons, CRIMINALS) to limit the Behaviour of these individuals excluded from Power and those who try to overcome social-inequality and in Ways which the power structure prohibits. the discourse of criminal law is dominant, exclusive and rejecting, less diverse, and culturally not pluralistic, exaggerating narrowly defined rules for the exclusion of others.
It also says that there is nothing Inherently Criminal in any given act.
It Suggests Crime to be an ontological(Regarding any question, with one’s very existence) phenomena as a mental Construct.
Criminality is almost completely constructed by the controlling institutions which establish norms and attribute determinate meanings to certain acts; criminality is thus a social and linguistic construct.
To Conclude , Always remember One thing….Anything is Criminal Just because we name it so…Eg. Shouting and hoofing aren’t a crime but If you go to a School and during a class it might be Considered as a Crime.
Codes of Misconduct: Prosecution and Punishment
Hammurabi, Draco and Other Early Approaches
Hammurabi:it Dates back to 1754 BC in Mesopotamia, Its one of the oldest Deciphered test and is a Code of Law. It was enacted by the 6thBabylonian King who was also known as Hammurabi. It was written on a Man-Sized Stone stele. The Code Consists of 282 Laws with Scaled Punishments. Adjusting , “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”. It had Punishments based on people’s Social Status. There were Different types of Punishments for a Slave and for a Merchant for the same offence.. A third of the code addresses issues concerning household and family relationships such as inheritance, divorce, paternity, andsexual behavior. Only one provision appears to impose obligations on an official; this provision establishes that a judge who reaches an incorrect decision is to be fined and removed from the bench permanently.A few provisions address issues related to military service. The Code was found in 1901 by Archaelogists, it was inscribed in the Akkadian Language, using Cuneiform Script, It was than Translated and Published in 1902 and is currently displayed in Louvre, with replicas all around the World.It has one of the oldest ideas of the Presumption of Innocence. Some of the laws presented in Hammurabi are regarding Slander(Punishment : Cutting the Skin /Hair), Trade (Punishment: The thief will have to pay 10 times of what he/she has stolen),Slavery(Punishment: Death), Theft(Punishment: Death), Food(Law: It states for any trade regarding food the Buyer should obtain a Receipt), Liability (If anyone’s too lazy to take care of Property, The property along with the Person will be sold off at an auction.), Divorce(After Divorce the Women should take her money and go back to her Father’s House.)If any Son strikes his father, his hands should be hewn off.
One of the Best known laws in Hammurabi’s Code is :
"If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone. If one destroy the eye of a freeman or break the bone of a freeman he shall pay one gold mina. If one destroy the eye of a man's slave or break a bone of a man's slave he shall pay one-half his price."
Assyrian Law:It was very similar to Sumerian and Babylonian Law, although the Penalties were more Brutal and Barbaric. The First copy of the code dated to the Reign of Tiglath Pileser I, was Discovered during an Excavation by the German Oriental Society. ThreeAssyrianlaw collections have been found to date. Punishments such as thecroppingof ears and noses were common, as it was in theCode of Hammurabi, which was composed several centuries earlier.Murder was punished by the family being allowed to decide the death penalty for the murderer.
Draco:He was a legislator, the first of Athens in Ancient Greece. His Constitution replaced the prevailing system of oral law and Blood feud by a written code (thus, Suggesting Uniform[ity]).Draco’s Representation can be found in the Library of the Supreme Court of the United States . It generates the Adjecive Draconian which means ‘unforgiving rules or laws’.
The Laws in the Draconian Constitution(first Constitution of Athens)[Written in 7thCentury BC.] were posted on Wooden Tablets, Where they were preserved for almost three Centuries on steles of the shape of three-sided pyramid. The Laws Distinguished Murder and involuntary Homicide.The laws, however, were particularly harsh. For example, anydebtor whose status was lower than that of hiscreditorwas forced into slavery.The punishment was more lenient for those owing a debt to a member of a lower class. Thedeath penaltywas the punishment for even minoroffences, such as 'stealing a cabbage'. Concerning the liberal use of the death penalty in the Draconic code,Plutarchstates: 'It is said that Drakon himself, when asked why he had fixed the punishment of death for most offences, answered that he considered these lesser crimes to deserve it, and he had no greater punishment for more important ones'.
All his laws were repealed bySolonin the early 6th century BC with the exception of the homicide law.
According to the preserved part of the inscription, unintentional homicides received a sentence of exile. 'Even if a man not intentionally kills another, he is exiled'.
Greek Law:No systematic collection of Greek laws has come down to us. Our knowledge of some of the earliest notions of the subject is derived from theHomericpoems.
Code of the Nesilim:It is an ancient Hittite legal code dating from 1650-1500 BC. It was got Laws Regarding Arguments between Men and Women, Soldiers, Slays and Free Men.
Traditional Chinese Law:It was established in 11thCentury BC and Lasted upto 1911 when the last imperial Dynasty fell.This legal tradition is distinct from thecommon lawandcivil lawtraditions of theWest– as well asIslamic lawandclassical Hindu law– and to a great extent, is contrary to the concepts of contemporary Chinese law. It incorporates elements of bothLegalistandConfuciantraditions of social order and governance. To Westerners, perhaps the most striking feature of the traditional Chinesecriminal procedureis that it was aninquisitorial systemwhere the judge conducts a public investigation of a crime, rather than anadversarial systemwhere the judge decides between attorneys representing the prosecution and defence. "The Chinese traditionally despised the role of advocate and saw such people as parasites who attempted to profit from the difficulties of others. The magistrate saw himself as someone seeking the truth, not a partisan for either side."