The Basic Unit of Living Things Is the (1) ______

3 / Cells and human reproduction
3.1 / The basic unit of living things(Book 1A, p. 119)
A / Living things are made up of cells(Book 1A, p. 119)

The basic unit of living things is the (1) ______.

Many living things are made up of more than one cell. Different types ofcellshave different shapes, sizes and functions.

Some living things are made up of only one cell. They are called (2) ______organisms.Amoeba and bacteria are examples.

B / Observing cells using microscopes(Book 1A, p. 120)

We can use a(3) ______(顯微鏡)to observe tiny (微小) objects in detail. It produces a magnified(放大) image of a small object.

Structure of a light microscope(光學顯微鏡):

Steps of using a light microscope:

1Put a microscope in front of a
(14) ______or near a window. / 2Choose the (15) ______power eyepiece and rotate the (16) ______powerobjective into position.
3Look down the microscope with both
eyes (17) ______. Adjust the (18) ______until you see a bright circle of light. / 4Clip the sample or slide onto the
(19) ______.
5Look at the stage from the side. Turn the (20) ______adjustment knob until the objective is very close tothe object but does not touchit. / 6Look down the microscope. Turn the
(21) ______adjustment knob toraise the objective slowly. Stop when you see a clear image.Turn the
(22) ______adjustment knob to get a sharper image.
 / Total magnification of a microscope / = / magnification of
(23) ______/  / magnification of
(24) ______

The higher the (25) ______of the microscope, the smaller the diameter of the field of view(視野直徑).

The image formed in the microscopeis (26) ______and (27) ______compared with the original image.

original image image under the microscope

Structure of cells:

Plant cell Animal cell

Structure / Function
Cell membrane(細胞膜) / (34) ______the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Cell wall (細胞壁) / protects, supports and gives shape to the cell
Cytoplasm (細胞質) / where (35) ______reactions of the cell take place
Nucleus(細胞核) / contains(36) ______materials which control the cell activities
Vacuole(液泡) / contains mainly water; stores dissolved (37) ______
Chloroplast (葉綠體) / present in green parts of a plant
the site for carrying out (38) ______

Similarities and differences between green plant cells and animal cells:

Structure / Green Plant cell / Animal cell
Cell membrane /  / 
Cell wall / (39) ______/ (40) ______
Cytoplasm / (41) ______/ (42) ______
Nucleus / (43) ______/ (44) ______
Vacuole / (45) ______/ (46) ______
Chloroplast / (47) ______/ (48) ______

In order to observe onion cells and ox eye cells clearly under the microscope, we can add a few drops of (49) ______solution(碘液) to stain the onion cells,and a few drops of

(50) ______solution(亞甲藍溶液) to stain the ox eye cells.

C / Cell division and growth(Book 1A, p. 132)

Living things grow by increasing the (51) ______and (52) ______of cells.

New cells are formed by a process called (53) ______(細胞分裂):

1 (54) ______materials in the nucleus make a copy of themselves before cell division. / 2 The (55) ______divides into two. Each nucleus contains a complete set of genetic materials of the originalcell.
3 The (56) ______soon divides into two equal parts, each containing a nucleus. / 4 The (57) ______and the cytoplasm are completely separated.Two new cells are formed.
3.2 / A new life is born(Book 1A, p. 134)
A / Types of reproduction(Book 1A, p. 134)

There are two types of reproduction:

Asexual reproduction (無性生殖) / Sexual reproduction(有性生殖)
does not involve sex cells(性細胞) / involves the (1) ______of a male sex cell with a female sex cell
undergoes cell (2) ______to give rise to two new individuals / the cell formed from the fusion of
(3) ______cells then divides and grows
genetic materials of each new
individual arethe(4) ______as the original cell / genetic materials of the cell formed are (5) ______from the sex cells of both parents
B / Reproductionin humans (Book 1A, p. 135)

1Human sex cells(Book 1A, p. 135)

In human, the male parent produces male sex cells called (6) ______(精子).The female parent produces female sex cells called(7) ______(卵).

Sperm / Egg
Site of production / in the (8) ______/ in the (9) ______
Structure / looks like a (10) ______
(蝌蚪); withtwo parts:

/ looks like a(14) ______

Size / (16) ______/ (17) ______
Movement / (18) ______(Can / Cannot)move (by beating its
(19) ______) / (20) ______(Can / Cannot) move

2The male reproductive system(Book 1A, p. 138)

Structure / Function
Testes(睾丸) / produce (28) ______and (29) ______(性激素)
Sperm ducts
(輸精管) / carry sperms from the testes to the(30) ______
Sex glands
(性腺體) / produce sex hormones and a fluid which contains (31) ______for the sperms
the fluid and the sperms form the(32) ______(精液)
Urethra(尿道) / carries semen and (33) ______out of the body at different times
Penis(陰莖) / carries semen to the female reproductive system during (34) ______
______

3The female reproductive system(Book 1A, p. 139)

Structure / Function
Ovaries(卵巢) / produce(39) ______and sex hormones
Oviducts(輸卵管) / carry eggs to the (40) ______
Uterus(子宮) / the place where an (41) ______(胚胎)develops during pregnancy
Vagina(陰道) / receivesthe (42) ______during sexual intercourse
acts as a (43) ______(產道) for the delivery of the baby

4Sexual intercourse and fertilization(Book 1A, p. 140)

When the husband becomes sexually excited,more (44) ______flows to his penis and the penisbecomes (45) ______(勃起). The husband insertshispenis into the wife’s vagina. The penis finallyejects the (46) ______into the vagina.

A(47)______egg (受精卵)is formed whena spermfuses with an egg.This process is called (48)______.

5Implantation(Book 1A, p. 141)

6Development of the embryo(Book 1A, p. 141)

The cells of the amnion(羊膜)secrets the (65) ______＿＿＿＿＿______. This fluid serves as a cushionto protect the embryo against (66) ______.

7Birth of a baby(Book 1A, p. 144)

It takes about (67) ______weeks for a fertilized egg to develop into a baby ready to be born.

Steps of labour (分娩):

aThe placenta is expelled from the mother’s body.

bThe foetus is pushed out through the vagina.

cThe neck of the uterusbecomes wider.

dThe amniotic fluid leaks out for lubrication of the birth canal.

eThe amnion breaks.

fThe muscles of uterus start to contract strongly and continuously.

(68) ______→ (69) ______→ (70) ______→ (71) ______→ (72) ______→ (73) ______

C / Parental care (Book 1A, p. 146)

A newborn baby cannot take care of itself.(74) ______care is very important for the healthy growth of a baby.

D / Heredity (Book 1A, p. 147)

1Why do we look like our parents?(Book 1A, p. 147)

The passing on of characteristics from parents to their children is called (75) ______(遺傳).

Our body cells contain (76) ______from both our father and mother. The genetic materials carry information that determines our body characteristics.

2Twins(Book 1A, p. 148)

Identical twins(單卵雙生) / Non-identical twins(非單卵雙生)
Developed from a (77) ______fertilized egg and then separates into two / Developed from (78)______fertilized eggs
Have the (79) ______genetic materials / Have (80) ______genetic materials
Must be of the (81) ______sex / May be of the same sex or
(82) ______sexes
Look (83) ______each other / May look (84) ______from each other
3.3 / Puberty(Book 1A, p. 151)
A / Secondary sexual characteristics(Book 1A, p. 151)

In general, girls enterpuberty(青春期)(1) ______than boys.

Secondary sexual characteristics(第二性徵)in males and females:

(2) ______, ______, ______, ______(3) ______, ______, ______

B / Signs of sexual maturity (Book 1A, p. 153)

1Nocturnal emission(Book 1A, p. 153)

At puberty, (4) ______may flow out from the penis of boys during sleep. This is

called (5) ______(夢遺).

2Menstrual cycle(Book 1A, p. 154)

(6) ______(月經)is the passing out of the broken down tissues of the uterine lining with the unfertilized egg. It lasts about five days.

A (7) ______(月經週期) lasts for around 28 days and may vary from person to person.

27 / 28 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 / 17 / 18 / 19 / 20 / 21 / 22 / 23 / 24 / 25 / 26 / 27 / 28 / 1 / 2
C / Psychological changes at puberty(Book 1A, p. 155)

Psychological change that teenagers may experience at puberty:

Curious about sex

Think about one’s goals and targets in life

Like to stay with a group of friends and look for peer recognition(朋輩認同)

Have strong emotions (情緒)

Become self-conscious

D / Coping with problems arising from changes at puberty(Book 1A, p. 156)

How to cope with problems arising from changes at puberty? Put a ‘’ in appropriate boxes.

Should / Shouldn’t
(12) /  /  / Bath during a period.
(13) /  /  / Play sports during a period.
(14) /  /  / Try sex casually.
(15) /  /  / Say ‘no’ confidently when being asked to do something wrong.
(16) /  /  / Set limits in boy-girl relationships.
(17) /  /  / Look for support from family members or teachers when facing problems.
3.4 / Becoming parents(Book 1A, p. 162)
A / Pregnancy (Book 1A, p. 162)

The absence of(1) ______is the most reliable sign of pregnancy.

What a pregnant woman should or should not do?Put a ‘’ in appropriate boxes.

Should / Shouldn’t
(2) /  /  / Take extra care to keep the foetus and herself healthy.
(3) /  /  / Drink alcohol or smoke.
(4) /  /  / Visit the doctor regularly to have pre-natal examinations(產前檢查).
(5) /  /  / Doing gentle exercises, such as walking and swimming.
(6) /  /  / Take any medicines without the advice from doctors.
(7) /  /  / Eat food rich in protein(蛋白質), calcium(鈣) and iron(鐵).
B / Parenthood (Book 1A, p. 164)

Parents have great(8) ______towards their children.We should get ready beforehaving a baby.

C / Family planning (Book 1A, p. 165)

A couple can practise(9) ______control(節育) to avoid pregnancy. This helps achieve their family planning goals.

Match the following diagramswith the names of the birth control methods.

IFemale condom(10)______

IIContraceptive pills(11)______

IIIDiaphragm(12)______

IVMale condom(13)______

Method / Working principle
(14) ______planning / avoid having sex around the days when an egg may be present in theoviduct
(15) ______/ stop the releasing of eggs from the ovaries
(16) ______/ Men wear it over the erected penis to prevent the sperms from entering the vagina
(17) ______/ Women put it into the vagina to prevent
sperms from entering theuterus
(18) ______/ placed atthe neck of the uterus to prevents sperms from entering the uterus
(19) ______/ the doctor ties and cuts the oviducts so that no eggs can meetthe sperms
(20) ______/ the doctor ties and cut the(21)______so that there is no sperms in the semen

To sum up, the birth control methods work by either preventing the release of an

(22) ______or preventing sperms from (23) ______an egg.

D / In vitro fertilization (Book 1A, p. 167)

In the process of in vitro fertilization(IVF) (人工受孕), eggs are fertilized(24) ______the female body.

Baby born by IVF are commonly known as (25) ______.

Steps of IVF:

aImplantation takes place and the embryo continues to develop.

bThe egg from the wife fuses with a sperm from the husband.

cThe embryo is put back to wife’s uterus for implantation.

dThe fertilized egg develops into an embryo.

eTake out an egg from the wife and some sperms from the husband.

(26) ______→ (27) ______→ (28) ______→ (29) ______→(30) ______

E / Abortion (Book 1A, p. 170)

(31) ______(墮胎)is the ending of a pregnancy bysurgery or the use of drugs.

Abortion may have the following physical andpsychological effects on the woman:

heavy(32) ______(出血) of the uterus.

(33) ______(流產) or(34) ______(早產)in laterpregnancies.

feeling sorry and guilty about killing her baby.

3.5 / Sexually transmitted diseases(Book 1A, p. 172)
A / What are STDs and how are they spread? (Book 1A, p. 172)

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (性傳染病)can be passed from one person to another through

(1) ______activity;

(2) ______contact;

breast feeding.

Put a ‘’ in appropriate boxes to show the causesof different STDs.

Caused by bacteria / Caused by viruses
(3) / AIDS /  / 
(4) / Gonorrhoea (淋病) /  / 
(5) / Genital herpes(生殖器疱疹) /  / 
(6) / Syphilis(梅毒) /  / 
B / Prevention of STDs(Book 1A, p. 174)

Ways to prevent STDs:

Having only one (7) ______, i.e. our husband or wife

Using (8) ______properly during sexual intercourse

Avoiding direct contact with contaminated needles

Handling (9) ______and wound carefully

C / Positive attitudes towards AIDS patients(Book 1A, p. 175)

How should we treat the AIDS patients?Put a ‘’ in appropriate boxes.

Should / Shouldn’t
(10) /  /  / Stay away from AIDS patients
(11) /  /  / Have positive and supportive attitudes towards them
(12) /  /  / Encourage them to receivetreatment and counselling
(13) /  /  / Avoid having meals with them

3Cells and human reproduction

3.1

1cell2single-celled3microscope4eyepiece

5objective6stage7diaphragm8mirror

9coarse adjustment knob10fine adjustment knob11arm12clip

13base14lamp15 low16low

17open18mirror19stage20coarse

21coarse22fine23eyepiece24objective

25magnification26magnified27inverted 28cell wall

29nucleus30cytoplasm31cell membrane32vacuole

33chloroplast34Controls35chemical36genetic

37minerals38photosynthesis3940

41424344

45464748

49iodine50methylene blue51number52size

53cell division54Genetic55nucleus56cytoplasm

57cell membrane

3.2

1fusion2division3sex4same

5different6sperms7eggs8testes

9ovaries10tadpole11head12nucleus

13tail14sphere15 nutrients16smaller

17larger18Can19tail20Cannot

21sperm duct22sex gland23sex gland24testis

25urethra26penis27scrotum28sperms

29sex hormones30urethra31nutrients32semen

33urine34sexual intercourse35oviduct36ovary

37uterus38vagina39eggs40uterus

41embryo42penis43birth canal44blood

45erect46semen47fertilized48fertilization

49ovary50embryo51uterine lining52implantation

53oviduct54embryo55amniotic fluid56vagina

57amnion58uterine lining59umbilical cord60placenta

61nutrients62oxygen63placenta64waste

65amniotic fluid66shock674068f

69e70d71c72b

73a74Parental75heredity76genetic materials

77single78two79same80different

81same82different83like84different

3.3

1earlier2a, c, d, e3a, b, f4semen

5noctural emission6Menstruation7menstrual cycle8Menstruation

9thickens10egg11Uterine lining12Should

13Should14Shouldn't15 Should16Should

17Should

3.4

1menstruation2Should3Shouldn't4Should

5Should6Shouldn't7Should8responsibilities

9birth10d11a12c

13b14Natural family15 Contraceptive pills16Male condom

17Female condom18Diaphragm19Female sterilization20Male sterilization

21sperm ducts22egg23fertilizing24outside

25test tube babies26e27b28d

29c30a31Abortion32bleeding

33miscarriage34premature delivery

3.5

1sexual2blood3caused by viruses4caused by bacteria

5caused by viruses6caused by bacteria7sex partner8condoms

9blood10Shouldn't11Should12Should

13Shouldn't

Mastering Science