Earth’s Interior--_Study Guide

  1. List the 3 layers of the earth in order from top to interior.

Crust:

Mantle: Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Lower Mantle

Core: Outer Core, Inner Core

  1. Describe 2 ways scientists look inside the earth.

Direct: Drilling rock samples

Indirect: Seismic Waves

  1. Discuss the layers of the earth in terms of temperature, state of matter, and pressure.

Temperature & Pressure increase as you go inside the earth….

  1. Explain the 3 types of heat transfer. Which one is most important when talking about the earth?

Conduction: Direct Contact

Convection: Current

Radiation: Waves---through space

  1. __Pangea______is the supercontinent that Wegener had a theory about.
  2. __Fossils______are ancient remains of plants and organisms preserved in rock.
  3. __Plates______are sections of the earth’s lithosphere that are fitted together along cracks.
  4. A _Fault______is a break in the earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past one another.
  5. A _Divergent______boundary is where plates move apart. It is found most often in the ocean at mid ocean ridges.
  6. A __Convergent______boundary is where plates push together. Here, you have ___Subduction___, which is where one plate is more dense and slides under the other plate. You can also have a raise in the area from 2 types of the same plate colliding.
  7. A _Transform____ boundary forms when 2 plates slide past one another without destroying the rock on either side. This is the boundary where most earthquakes happen.
  8. An area of high relief on the ocean floor that forms an “underground mountain range” is a _mid-ocean Ridge__.
  9. Scientists use _Sonar______to map mid ocean ridges.
  10. What heat transfer causes magma to push to the surface of a mid-ocean ridge? Convection
  11. Explain the 3 types of evidence scientists use to prove sea-floor spreading.

Magnetic Strips in the rocks: Point different directions indicating where new rock was produced

Molten Material: Formations were different near the ridge

Drilling samples: New rock closer to ridge

  1. _Subduction___ is the process where the ocean floor sinks back into the mantle at a deep ocean trench.
  2. If new sea floor is created faster than subduction can occur, the ocean will Grow___.
  3. If sea floor is subducted faster than new floor is created, the ocean will __Shrink____.
  4. A force that changes a rock’s shape or volume is called ___Stress___.
  5. When the crust pulls and becomes thinner in the middle, _Tension__ has occurred.
  6. When a rock pushes together, creating folds or breaks in the middle, _compression____ has occurred.
  7. When a rock twists and turns in opposite directions, creating rough, jagged breaks, _Shearing___ has occurred. (Horizontal Movement)
  8. When rock is pulled apart at an angle so you have an overhang, a _Normal__ fault has occurred. (Vertical movement)
  9. When crust pushes together, a _Reverse__ fault has occurred.
  10. Faults that slide past each other with little up or down movement are _Strike______Slip_____ faults.
  11. What is the definition of an earthquake? A violent shaking due to the movement of faults
  12. The area in the earth that experiences stress during an earthquake is the __focus__.
  13. The area just above the focus of an earthquake is the __epicenter_.
  14. Describe the 3 waves produced by and earthquake in terms of order, the way they move, and destruction.

P Waves: Fastest

S Waves: Middle

Surface Waves: Slowest…most destruction

  1. _Mercalli_ is a scale that involves 12 steps that rate the amount of damage done in an area.
  2. Richter______is a scale that estimates the energy released by the quake
  3. __Aftershock______are tremors that can be felt days or months after the initial earthquake.
  4. A spot in the crust where magma comes to the surface is a _Volcano___.
  5. A mixture of molten rock, water, and gas beneath the earth’s surface is called__magma____.
  6. Magma found outside of the earth’s surface is __lava_____.
  7. List an example of a volcano chain that occurs with each type of boundary (divergent, convergent, and hot spots). Divergent: Mid Atlantic Ridge, Convergent: Japan, Hot Spot: Hawaii
  1. Know how to label a volcano!!!
  2. Describe the difference in the magma from a quiet eruption and an explosive eruption. Quiet has low viscosity and lava oozes, explosive is loud and explosive: Has high viscosity
  3. Volcano that forms when lava that builds a wide, sloping mountain (Formed at hot spots) __Shield______.
  4. A steep, cone shaped hill or mountain (formed from high viscosity) is a Cinder Cone______.
  5. A tall, Cone shaped mountain with layers of lava and ash (formed form alternating eruptions of ash, cinder, and bombs) that could have craters and calderas in the side is called a Composite______.
  6. A hole left from the collapse of a volcano or part of the volcano is called a __Caldera______.