Questions:

AP CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 13: PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS(Pgs.530-564)

EQ: ______

Questions:

SECTION 1-Solutions-2
•______are homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances.
•In a solution, the ______ is dispersed uniformly throughout the ______.
•The ability of substances to form solutions depends on:
• ______
•______/ Natural Tendency Toward Mixing-3
•Mixing of gases is a ______process.
•Each gas acts as if it is ______to fill the container.
•Mixing causes ______in the position of the molecules, increasing a thermodynamic quantity called ______.
•The formation of solutions is favored by the ______in entropy that accompanies mixing.
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction-4
Any intermolecular force of attraction (Chapter 11) can be the attraction between ______and ______molecules
Attractions Involved When Forming a Solution-5
•______–______interactions must be overcome to disperse these particles when making a solution.
•______–______interactions must be overcome to make room for the solute.
•______-______interactions occur as the particles mix. / Exothermic or Endothermic-7
•For a reaction to occur, ΔHmix must be ______to the _____ of ΔHsolute and ΔHsolvent.
•Remember that the randomness from ______will affect the process, too.
Aqueous Solution vs. Chemical Reaction-8
Just because a substance disappears when it comes in contact with a ______, it does not mean the substance ______. It may have ______, like nickel with hydrochloric acid.
SECTION 2-Opposing Processes-9
•The solution-making process and ______ are opposing processes.

•When the rate of the opposing processes is equal, additional solute will not dissolve unless some crystallizes from solution. This is a ______solution.
•If we have not yet reached the amount that will result in crystallization, we have an ______ solution.
Solubility-10
•______is the ______amount of ______that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.
•______have that amount of solute dissolved.
•Unsaturated solutions have any amount of solute ______than the maximum amount dissolved in solution.
•Surprisingly, there is one more type of solution.
Supersaturated Solutions-11
•In ______solutions, the solvent holds ______than is normally possible at that temperature.
•These solutions are ______; crystallization can usually be stimulated by adding a “______”
or scratching the side of the flask.
•These are uncommon solutions. / SECTION 3-Factors that Affect Solubility-12
•
•
•
Solute-Solvent Interactions-13
•Simply put: “______”
•That does not explain everything!
•The ______the solute–solvent interaction, the ______the solubility of a solute in that solvent.
•The gases in the table only exhibit dispersion force. The ______the gas, the more ______it will be in water.
Organic Molecules in Water-14
•______organic molecules dissolve in water better than ______organic molecules.
•______increases solubility, since C–C and C–H bonds are not very polar.
Liquid/Liquid Solubility-15
•Liquids that mix in all proportions are ______.
•Liquids that do not mix in one another
are ______.
•Because hexane is ______and water is ______, they are ______. / Solubility and Biological Importance-16
•______vitamins (like vitamin A) are ______; they are readily stored in ______in the body.
•______vitamins (like vitamin C) need to be included in the daily diet.
Pressure Effects-17
•The solubility of solids and liquids are ______appreciably affected by pressure.
•Gas solubility is affected by ______. / Henry’s Law-18
Def:
Temperature Effects-19
•For most solids, as ______increases, solubility ______. However, clearly this is not always true—some increase greatly, some remain relatively constant, and others decrease.
•For ______ gases, as temperature ______, ______decreases. Cold rivers have ______oxygen content than warm rivers.
SECTION 4-Units of Concentration-21 / Mass Percentage-22
•Percent means “______.”
•Take the ratio of the mass of the solute to the ______.
•Multiply by 100 to make it a percent.
Eq:
Parts per Million and Billion-23
•still relating mass of a ______to the total mass of the ______
•Since percent is out of 100, we multiplied by 100.
•ppm is per million, so we multiply by 106.
Eq:
•ppb is per billion, so we multiply by _____. / Mole Fraction-24
•Mole fraction is the ratio of ______of a ______to the total number of moles in a ______.
•It does not matter if it is for a ______or for a ______
Eq:
Molarity and Molality-25
•Be careful of your penmanship!
•______was discussed in Chapter 4 as moles of solute per liter of ______
Eq:
•______is moles of solute per ______.
Eq: / Molarity vs. Molality-26
•When water is the ______, dilute solutions have similar ______and ______.
•______does not vary with ______(mass does not change).
•Molarity varies with ______(volume changes).
Converting Units-27
•To convert between molality and molarity, the density of the ______must be used. / Ex: (Slide 16) A solution of SO2 in water contains 0.00023 g of SO2 per liter of solution. What is the concentration of SO2 in ppm? In ppb?

SUMMARY

______