Supplemental Data

NEUROLOGY MS ID#: NEUROLOGY/2011/386615

Nutrient Biomarker Patterns, Cognitive Function, and MRI Measures of Brain Aging

Table e-1. Construction of the Cognitive Z-scores
Executive function = (ZTrail Making Test B)
Memory = (ZWMSR LM IA Immediate + ZWMS LM IIA Delayed + ZCERAD Word List Immediate + ZCERAD Word List Delayed) / 4
Attention = (ZDigit Span Forward + ZDigit Span Backwards) / 2
Visuospatial function = (ZWMS-R Block Design)
Language = (ZAnimal List + ZVegetable List + ZBoston Naming Test) / 3
Processing speed = (ZTrail Making Test A)
Global = (Executive Z[reverse coded] + Memory Z + Attention Z + Visuospatial Z + Language Z + Processing Z[reverse coded]) / 6
Table e-2. Plasma nutrient concentrations in all OBAS participants and MRI subset /
/ Total
(n = 104) / MRI subset
(n = 42) /
/ Mean / SD / Mean / SD /
Palmitic acid (16:0), ug/mL / 437.37 / 96.03 / 427.50 / 67.74 /
Heptadecanoic acid (17:0), ug/mL / 9.63 / 2.21 / 9.69 / 2.24 /
Linoleic acid (18:2 n-6), ug/mL / 622.78 / 124.06 / 631.62 / 117.19 /
Gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 n-6), ug/mL / 9.83 / 3.75 / 10.09 / 3.67 /
Arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6), ug/mL / 146.91 / 36.28 / 154.51 / 34.17 /
Alpha-linolenic (18:3 n-3), ug/mL / 17.23 / 7.21 / 16.86 / 6.64 /
Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3), ug/mL / 15.69 / 10.29 / 14.78 / 7.27 /
Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3), ug/mL / 67.36 / 16.66 / 67.57 / 16.16 /
Trans-elaidic acid (18:1 n-9t), ug/mL / 22.41 / 14.33 / 24.36 / 16.13 /
Trans-linolelaidic acid (18:2 n-6t), ug/mL / 0.92 / 0.66 / .88 / .76 /
Alpha-tocopherol, ug/mL / 19.18 / 6.42 / 18.71 / 5.24 /
Ascorbic acid, umol/L / 91.49 / 44.29 / 91.15 / 46.90 /
Uric acid, umol/L / 296.46 / 79.69 / 292.56 / 74.34 /
25-hydroxyvitamin D, ng/mL / 26.30 / 10.21 / 25.10 / 9.00 /
Thiamin, nmol/L / 8.95 / 9.83 / 7.90 / 7.20 /
Riboflavin, nmol/L / 48.40 / 50.42 / 51.64 / 63.55 /
Niacin, nmol/L / 149.00 / 85.60 / 132.20 / 76.27 /
Pyridoxal 5-phosphate, nmol/L / 163.32 / 231.35 / 132.14 / 174.99 /
Folate, ng/mL / 26.71 / 15.62 / 28.92 / 17.75 /
Vitamin B12, pg/mL / 664.67 / 318.29 / 669.80 / 319.73 /
Retinol, ng/mL / 623.54 / 134.97 / 624.43 / 143.05 /
Alpha-carotene, ng/mL / 71.80 / 48.25 / 66.65 / 39.38 /
Beta-carotene, ng/mL / 359.37 / 358.95 / 307.24 / 180.74 /
Beta-cryptoxanthin, ng/mL / 76.42 / 45.37 / 83.37 / 53.08 /
Lutein + zeaxanthin, ng/mL / 224.11 / 164.55 / 201.00 / 97.07 /
Lycopene, ng/mL / 127.76 / 67.40 / 128.00 / 71.08 /
Cholesterol, total, mg/dL / 195.62 / 33.78 / 203.33 / 35.25 /
Low Density Lipoprotein, mg/dL / 108.21 / 28.19 / 112.76 / 28.52 /
High Density Lipoprotein, mg/dL / 60.89 / 19.43 / 65.05 / 20.13 /
Triacylglycerol, mg/dL / 132.75 / 55.59 / 127.83 / 43.77
Table e-3. Association of Nutrient Biomarker Patterns with Demographic-Clinical Characteristics
Nutrient Biomarker Patterns
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8
b / SE / b / SE / b / SE / b / SE / b / SE / b / SE / b / SE / b / SE
Age / .021 / .021 / .001 / .022 / -.040 / .020 / .023 / .019 / -.023 / .022 / .030 / .023 / .005 / .019 / -.034 / .017
Gender / .088 / .355 / .072 / .370 / .234 / .331 / -.092 / .323 / -.585 / .372 / -.191 / .394 / -.499 / .321 / -.002 / .294
Education years / .123 / .115 / .120 / .120 / .258 / .107 / -.232 / .104 / -.042 / .121 / .188 / .128 / .020 / .104 / -.016 / .095
APOE4 carrier / .808 / .534 / .556 / .556 / -.954 / .498 / .076 / .485 / 1.13 / .560 / .473 / .593 / -.264 / .482 / .383 / .442
BMI / -.077 / .045 / .102 / .047 / -.097 / .042 / .016 / .041 / .025 / .047 / -.017 / .050 / -.119 / .041 / -.010 / .037
SES / -.021 / .025 / -022 / .026 / -.055 / .024 / .051 / .023 / .043 / .027 / -.044 / .028 / .008 / .023 / .008 / .021
Depression / .224 / .376 / .391 / .391 / -.508 / .351 / .119 / .342 / .047 / .394 / -.353 / .417 / .105 / .339 / -.215 / .311
Hypertension / .180 / .367 / .445 / .382 / .230 / .342 / .207 / .333 / -.502 / .384 / -.161 / .407 / -.130 / .331 / .713 / .303
Diabetes / -.251 / .773 / .410 / .804 / .250 / .720 / -1.03 / .701 / .592 / .809 / 1.27 / .857 / .140 / .697 / -1.14 / .639
Hypercholesterolemia / .444 / .387 / -.051 / .403 / .102 / .361 / -.492 / .352 / -.796 / .406 / .306 / .430 / -.007 / .349 / -.393 / .320
Smoking / -.385 / .527 / -.423 / .548 / .268 / .491 / .157 / .478 / .233 / .552 / -.211 / .584 / -.150 / .475 / -.222 / .436
Drinking / .068 / .320 / .072 / .333 / .163 / .298 / .256 / .290 / -.332 / .335 / .425 / .354 / .366 / .288 / -.238 / .264
Hachinski / .028 / .124 / -.132 / .129 / .058 / .115 / -.218 / .112 / .056 / .130 / .001 / .137 / .068 / .112 / -.034 / .102
Plasma creatinine / .447 / .820 / -1.02 / .853 / .156 / .764 / -.226 / .745 / .141 / .859 / -.423 / .910 / -.383 / .740 / 1.29 / .678
Multivitamin / -.009 / .389 / -.691 / .404 / -.861 / .362 / -.243 / .353 / .589 / .407 / .006 / .431 / -.188 / .351 / .160 / .322
Bold indicates p < 0.05; Coefficient for binary covariates represent mean NBP score difference between the two groups
NBP1-BCDE, NBP2-saturated fat, NBP3-carotenoid, NBP4-cholesterol, NBP5-marine omega 3, NBP6-omega 6, NBP7-lutein + HDL cholesterol, NBP8-trans fat

The BCDE (NBP1) and marine omega 3 (NBP5) patterns were not associated with any clinical-demographic characteristics (Table e-2). Hypertension associated with higher trans fat scores. Higher education associated with higher carotenoid and lower cholesterol scores. Subjects with higher BMI had higher saturated fat, lower carotenoid and lower lutein + HDL cholesterol scores. Participants with higher SES had lower carotenoid and higher cholesterol scores. Participants supplementing with multivitamins had lower carotenoid scores. Age, gender, APOE4 carrier status, depression, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, drinking, Hachinski ischemic scale, and plasma creatinine were not associated with any of the NBPs.