Chapter 11 – Review Book
Earth Materials – Minerals and Rocks
Define the Vocabulary
1. bioclastic sedimentary rocks ______
______
2. chemical sedimentary rocks______
______
3. Clastic sedimentary rocks ______
______
4. cleavage ______
______
5. contact metamorphism ______
______
6. crystal shape ______
______
7. crystal structure ______
______
8. extrusive igneous rock______
______
9. foliation ______
______
10. fracture ______
11. hardness ______
12. inorganic______
13. intrusive igneous rock ______
14. luster ______
15. magma ______
16. mineral ______
______
17. organic ______
18. precipitation of minerals ______
______
19. regional metarmorphism ______
______
20. rock cycle ______
______
21. streak ______
22. texture ______
Questions
Topic Overview
The solid surface of the Earth that we live on is called the ______and is made up of ______and ______.
MINERALS
1. Minerals have characteristic ______and ______properties. List the seven properties:
______
______
______
a. Figure 11-1 The atomic model and crystal structure of halite gives it what type of cleavage? ______
2. All minerals are rocks, but not all rocks made of minerals. Explain how a rock could not be made of minerals. ______
______
3. Figure 11-2., shows that only a small number of minerals are commonly found in rocks. 90% of Earth’s crust by weight is composed of eight minerals or groups of minerals all known as ______. They contain the elements silicon and oxygen.
MINERAL CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
4. What is the name of the structural unit of silicates? ______
Label the crystal structure with the correct atoms based on Figure 11-4:
a. Using Figure 11-4, describe the various ways the silicate structure can form. ______
______
5. Minerals can form in two ways:
#1. ______
#2. ______
Mineral Properties and Identification – based on INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS
(REMEMBER THIS CHEESY SAYING OR AS I CALL IT – MANTRA)
6. The mineral corundum can have a ruby red color, sapphire blue color or be colorless. Explain how? ______
7. Why is color often not useful for mineral identification?______
______
8. Why is streak color more useful than color in identifying minerals? ______
______
9. What are the two broad groups of mineral luster?
a. ______
b.______
10. What example do they use to explain metallic luster? ______
11. Most minerals have what type of luster? ______
12. Diamond is considered to be the hardest mineral – why would it shatter if dropped on a tile floor?______
13. How does Mohs scale work? ______
______
14. Either a mineral will break evenly along a zone of weakness and this is called ______or it breaks unevenly and this is called ______. Look at Figure 11-6. Give 2 examples of minerals that break evenly and 2 examples of minerals that break unevenly.
Cleavage / Fracture15. What is conchodial fracture? ______
a. What common silicate mineral shows conchodial fracture? ______
16. Which minerals or rocks react with acid? ______
What kind of reaction occurs? ______
ROCKS
17. Rocks can be made of a single mineral or can be mixtures of ______.
18. Rocks are classified either igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on the 3 methods of rock ______or origin.
19. Rocks are identified based on their composition and texture – what is the most common mistake regarding texture that you could make? ______
______
20. Most rocks are crystalline – what does that mean? ______
______
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
21. How do sedimentary rocks form? ______
______
22. Where are sedimentary rocks found? ______
23. Why do most sedimentary rocks form at the bottom of lakes, seas, and oceans?______
______
a. What type of layers do they form? ______
24. List the four methods of formation for sedimentary rocks:
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
d. ______
25. What three minerals are commonly the “glue” that cements clastic sedimentary rocks together in cementation? ______
26. What causes compaction? ______
27. The process of cementation and compaction is how most clastic (fragmental) rocks form but how do chemical sedimentary rocks form? ______
______
28. How are chemical sedimentary rocks different from most other rocks? (Hint: read the last sentence in this paragraph) ______
29. When rock material comes from once living organisms, such as clam shells, it is called a ______sedimentary rock.
30. What is the difference between clastic and bioclastic sedimentary rocks? (Reread the paragraph under “formation of sedimentary rocks” and “organic processes” to answer) _____
______
Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks
31. Why are the clasts that make up sedimentary rocks often rounded? ______
______
32. What is the most distinguishing characteristic of sedimentary rocks? ______
______
33. Because sedimentary rocks form near earth’s surface what are some features you might see in sedimentary rocks? ______
______
34. How are clastic sedimentary rocks distinguished from one another? ______
______
35. Bioclastic limestone is composed of CaCO3, so it will ______in acid.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
36. How do igneous rocks form? ______
This process is known as Solidification.
37. How is lava different from magma? ______
38. When magma solidifies it forms rocks called ______
39. When lava solidifies it forms rocks called ______
40. Look at Figure 11-9 Identify 2 intrusions and 2 extrusions
Intrusions – formed from magma / Extrusions – formed from lava41. When does crystallization occur?______
42. Why is glass non-crystalline? ______
______
Figure 11-10 Textures of igneous rocks
43. What conditions are necessary for a rock to have large coarse crystals easily visible to the human eye? (Think time frame) ______
44. If lava cools quickly, fine-grained rocks form. Fine-grained rocks have ______crystals that are not easily seen with the unaided human eye. If the cooling is very fast a ______rock with no or few mineral crystals form.
45. What controls the texture of igneous rocks?______
46. If a rock has rounded openings that were caused by lava solidifying around trapped expanding gases it has a ______texture.
47. Identification of igneous rocks is based on what two things? ______
______
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
48. Rocks that form from changes in previously existing rocks due to ______, ______, and/or ______without weathering or melting are Metamorphic rocks.
49. Metamorphic rocks come from pre-existing ______, ______or other ______rocks.
50. Metamorphism usually occurs where? ______
51. What 4 changes occur in the rocks resulting from metamorphism? ______
______
52. Layering of mineral crystals is called ______. (This is an important term!)
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks
53. The pre-existing rocks that undergo metamorphism are called ______rocks.
54. What is recrystallization?______
______
Contact Metamorphism
55. When older rocks come in contact with the magma of an intrusion or lava of an extrusion, the heat and mineral fluids of the liquid rock alter the older rock in a process called
______.
56. Regional MetamorphismFigure 11-14 (resulting from mountain building) occurs when 2 lithospheric plates collide. These colliding plates are subjected to ______heat and ______pressure.
a. Name 2 landscape features in New York that are the result of regional metamorphism.
______and ______.
Textures of Metamorphic Rocks
57. There are two main textures of Metamorphic Rocks:
______and ______
58. Use Figure 11-14 to identify the sedimentary parent rock that is subjected to metamorphism (heat and pressure) and the resulting metamorphic rock.
Parent Rock (all 3 rock types) / Metamorphic RockSandstone / Quartzite
Dolostone
Limestone
Siltstone
59. What is interesting about marble? ______
Environment of Rock Formation
60. Salt beds in western NYS lead to the inference that …
______
61. The distorted rock structures of the metamorphic rocks exposed in the Adirondacks indicate that …
______
62. Large silicate mineral crystals in an igneous rock indicate …
______
The Rock Cycle
63. The Rock Cycle chart shows you
that any rock can change into any other
rock type. It also shows the ______
that produce each rock type.