Еxamination Synopsis of Microbiology

ЕXAMINATION SYNOPSIS OF MICROBIOLOGY

(2011 – 2012)

Section I: Basic Microbiology

1.  Introduction to Medical Microbiology – History and Subject

2.  Bacterial Taxonomy: Classification, Nomenclature and Identification

3.  Bacterial Morphology

4.  Bacterial Ultrastructure – Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes, Cytoplasmic structures

5.  Bacterial Ultrastructure – Cell Wall, Structure and Biosynthesis of Bacterial Cell Wall, Bacterial exceptions in the Cell Wall Structure

6.  Bacterial Ultrastructure – External Structures

7.  Bacterial Ultrastructure – Bacterial Spores

8.  Bacterial Metabolism

9.  Bacterial Growth and Cell Division

10.  Bacterial Genetics: DNA – The Genetic Material – Structure, Replication and Function (Control)

11.  Bacterial Genetics: Mutation, Recombination and DNA Exchange

12.  Bacterial Genetics: Genetic Engineering

13.  Viruses: Taxonomy, Structure, Replication, and Cultivation

14.  Fungi: Classification, Structure, Replication and Cultivation

15.  Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antisepsis

16.  Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antifungal Agents – Groups According Their Specter, Activity and Molecular Mechanisms.

17.  Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: Genetic and Biochemical Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance. Side effects of antibiotics – toxicity, allergy and disbacteriosis.

Section II: Infection and Immunity

18.  Infection and Infectious Disease. Patterns of Infection. The Spread of Infection – Epidemiology.

19.  Infection and Infectious Disease. Pathogenicity and Virulence. Pathogenic and Opportunistic bacteria. Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenesis. Virulence Factors.

20.  Infection and Infectious Disease. Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis, Immunity and Epidemiology.

21.  Immunity – Natural Resistance and Acquired Immunity. Active and Passive Immunity. Nonspecific Response (Natural Resistance) Against Microbial agents – Physical Barriers, Normal Human Flora (Microbiota).

22.  Immunity – Natural Resistance and Acquired Immunity. Active and Passive Immunity. Nonspecific Response (Natural Resistance) Against Microbial agents – Humoral (Chemical) Defences and Factors.

23.  Immunity – Natural Resistance and Acquired Immunity. Active and Passive Immunity. Nonspecific Response (Natural Resistance) Against Microbial agents – Phagocytosis, Inflammatory Response and Fever.

24.  Elements of Host Protective Responses. Organs and Cells of Immune System and Immune Response.

25.  Immune Response: The humoral immune response. Antigens. Antibodies. Biological properties of the antibodies and their role in protection against bacterial and viral infections. Monoclonal Antibodies.

26.  Immune response: Cell mediated immunity (CMI). Cytokines – lymphokines, monokines, chemokines. Role of the CMI and the local immunity in protection against bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Local immunity.

27.  Immunopathology: Hypersensitivity responses (Type 1-4) – allergy and autoimmunity. Immunodifficiency.

28.  Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy. Vaccines. Hyperimmune sera and immunoglobulin preparations.

29.  Protective mechanisms (immunity) against bacterial and fungal infections.

30.  Protective mechanisms (immunity) against viral infections.

Section IIІ: Special Microbiology. Clinical Microbiology

31.  Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases

32.  Staphylococcus

33.  Streptococcus – group A, B and other b-hemolytic streptococci

34.  Streptococcus – Viridans streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus

35.  Corynebacterium

36.  Listeria, Gardnerella

37.  Neisseria – N. gonorrhoeae

38.  Neisseria – N. meningitidis

39.  Enterobacteriaceae – E.coli and other opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia – group KES; Proteus, Morganella, Citrobacter)

40.  Enterobacteriaceae – Salmonella

41.  Enterobacteriaceae – Shigella

42.  Enterobacteriaceae – Yersinia

43.  Vibrionaceae – V.cholerae, Other Vibrio species associated with human diseases

44.  Campylobacter and Helicobacter

45.  Pseudomonas and Related Organisms (Burkholdelia, Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter, Moraxella)

46.  Bordetella,

47.  Francisella

48.  Brucella

49.  Haemophilus

50.  Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacteria (Legionella, Bartonella, Streptobacillus and Spirillium)

51.  Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci and Nonspore-Forming Bacteria

52.  Anaerobic Spore-Forming Bacteria – Clostridium

53.  Aerobic Spore-Forming Bacteria – Bacillus

54.  Anaerobic Gram-Negative Nonspore-Forming Bacteria and Cocci (Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Veilonella)

55.  Mycobacterium

56.  Spirochaetes – Treponema

57.  Spirochaetes – Borrelia

58.  Spirochaetes – Leptospira

59.  Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

60.  Rickettsia, Coxiella and Ehrlichia

61.  Chlamydia

62.  Human Microbial Flora (Natural flora) in Health and Disease. Iatrogenic influences on the normal human flora – disbacteriosis as a side effects of antibiotic, cytostatic and immunosuppresor therapy.

63.  Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases

64.  Picornaviruses

65.  Paramyxoviruses

66.  Orthomyxoviruses

67.  Corornaviruses, Calicivirus

68.  Reoviruses

69.  Togaviruses, Flaviviruses,

70.  Bunyaviridae (Arboviruses) – Buniavirus, Nairovirus

71.  Rhabdoviruses

72.  Poxviruses

73.  Human Herpesviruses

74.  Adenoviruses

75.  Retroviruses

76.  Papovaviruses

77.  Hepatitis Viruses

78.  Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Diseases

79.  Fungi, Etiological Agents of Systemic Mycoses – Criptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis

80.  Fungi, Etiological Agents of Opportunistic Mycoses – Candida, Aspergillus, Zygomicetes (Rhizopus, Absidia), Pneumocistis carinii

81.  Microbiological aspects of Skin, Wound, Joint and Bone Infections

82.  Microbiological aspects of Urinary Tract Infections

83.  Microbiological aspects of Respiratory Tract Infections

84.  Microbiological aspects of Central Nervous System Infections

85.  Microbiological aspects of Intravascular infections, Bacteremia (Sepsis) and Endotoxemia

86.  Microbiological aspects of Sexually Transmited Infections

87.  Microbiological aspects of Gastrointestinal Tract Infections

PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

1.  Microscopic Principles and Applications

2.  Loeffler's stain

3.  Gram stain - preparation, observation and interpretation.

4.  Neisser stain – preparation, observation and interpretation.

5.  Smear preparation and staining by Ziehl – Neelsen method. Technique, observation and examination of the preparations.

6.  Smear preparation and staining by Peshkov method. Technique, observation and examination of the preparations.

7.  Cultural diagnosis of bacterial diseases.

8.  Simple nutrient media. Types, composition and application. Observation (characteristic) of bacterial growth in broth and agar media.

9.  Special (enriched) nutrient media. Types, composition and application. Observation (characteristic) of bacterial growth in broth and agar media.

10.  Methods and nutrient media for cultivation of aerobe and microaerophile bacteria. Preparation of pure culture.

11.  Methods and nutrient media for cultivation of anaerobe bacteria. Reading of the growth of anaerobe bacteria.

12.  Biochemical tests for the identification of bacteria. Tests for determination of carbolytic, proteolytic enzymes and oxidoreductases. Other tests.

13.  Kligler’s polytrope medium (Triple Sugar Iron Agar): composition, inoculation and reading.

14.  Quantitative methods for the determination of bacterial growth: enumeration with optical standard and determination of microbial count on a solid medium

15.  Microbiological examination of drink water, soil, air, foods. Methods and interpretation of the results

16.  Serial Dilution Method for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

17.  Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics – characteristics and usage

18.  Disk Diffusion Method for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (NCCLS method)

19.  Methods of sterilization. Usage of the particular methods in medical practice

20.  Disinfectants. Usage of the particular disinfectants in medical practice

21.  Serological Diagnosis: principles, techniques and application for diagnosis of infectious diseases

22.  Slide agglutination (direct agglutination): principle, technique and reading of the results.

23.  Widal’s serodiagnosis (tube agglutination method) using a patient’s serum and Salmonella antigens 0:9,12 and H:2. Principle, technique and reading of the results.

24.  .Passive hemagglutination, coagglutination, latex agglutination. Principle, technique and reading of the results.

25.  Ring precipitation test (thermoprecipitation ). Principle, technique and reading of the results.

26.  Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (DID). Radial single immunodiffusion. Immunoelectrophoresis. Principle, application, reading of the results.

27.  Titration of hemolytic serum – application, principle, technique and reading of the results.

28.  Complement fixation reaction for diagnosis of syphilis: Wassermann’s reaction. Application, principle, reading of the results.

29.  ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) – basic principle, reading and interpretation of results, application. Immunofluorescence – direct and indirect immunofluorescence, application.

30.  Antibacterial vaccines - characterization, application.

31.  Antiviral vaccines – characterization, application.

32.  Immune sera - characterization, application.

33.  Immunomodulators (immunostimulators) - characterization, application.Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases

34.  Laboratory Diagnosis of bacterial diseases: principles

35.  Biochemical identification of the organisms of Fam. Enterobacteriaceae. Tests for identification.

36.  Tests for detection and pathogenicity of Staphylococcus spp. – reading and interpretation of results.

37.  Tests for identification of Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp.

38.  Laboratory diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract infections. Specimen collection, transport, microbial isolation and identification, antigen or antibody detection, expected causative agents, interpretation.

39.  Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections. specimen collection, transport, microbiological detection, isolation and identification, expected causative agents, interpretation.

40.  Laboratory diagnosis of intravascular infections. Blood-culture: rules for specimen collection, maintenance, transport, processing; expected pathogens; interpretation

41.  Laboratory diagnosis of CNS infections. Microbiological examination of the CSF: rules for specimen collection, maintenance, transport, processing; expected pathogens; interpretation

42.  Laboratory diagnosis of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract: rules for specimen collection, maintenance, transport, processing; expected pathogens; interpretation

43.  Microbiological examination of the specimens from infections of the skin, soft tissues and bone – rules for specimen collection, maintenance, transport, processing; expected pathogens; interpretation

44.  Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases

45.  Viral hemagglutination – basic principle, reading and interpretation of results, application.

46.  Hemagglutination-inhibition test (HAI) – basic principle, reading and interpretation of results, application.

47.  Neutralization test of viral infectivity - basic principle, reading and interpretation of results, application.

RECOMMENDED LITERATURE:

Medical Microbiology, 24th edition (Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology) by Geo. F. Brooks, Lange, 2007 (http://astore.amazon.co.uk/amason.uk-21/detail/0071476660)

Medical Microbiology: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access by Patrick R. Murray PhD, Elsevier Mosby, 2005 (http://astore.amazon.co.uk/amason.uk-21/detail/0323033032)

Medical Microbiology, Practical Guide Part I and Part II, I.Mitov, L.Boyanova, E.Keuleyan, I.Haralambieva, D.Petrov, 2005.

On Line resources:

Medical microbiology: http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/toc.htm

General Microbiology: http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/pages/101hmpg.html

Molecular Diagnosis

Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Diseases

Prof. Iv. Mitov, MD, DSci