Exam 5 Objectives (Ch 11-14)

BIOL241

Exam 5 Objectives (Ch 11-14)

Chapter 11 p 386-421 Start @ chapter beginning, at 421- don't read "Basic concepts of Neural Integration”, or further). You may, though, refer to Fig 11.24 for help with Spinal cord/reflex arcs, which is covered In Ch 12)

1. Identify and describe the types of cells found in the nervous system including neurons (sensory, motor, and association/interneurons), and glia (microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cell, and satellite cells). Know the function(s) of each cell in the nervous system

2. Understand the function of the following neuronal structures: cell body (soma), dendrite, axon, axon hillock, synaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, myelin sheath, plasma membrane, and nodes of Ranvier.

3. Understand voltage and potential difference (or potential) with respect to the plasma membrane. Understand the chemical reasons for the value of the resting potential in neurons (-70mV) and the electrochemical forces that act on sodium and potassium. Know the role of K+ leak channels, and the Na+/K+ pump.

4. Describe the three classes of gated ion channels (chemical/ligand gated, voltage-gated and mechanically gated). For voltage-gated channels, understand the difference between a closed channel an open channel, and an inactive/desensitized channel.

5. Understand how a graded potential differs from an action potential. Understand the location along the neuron where graded potentials occur. Know the meaning of resting membrane potential, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization.

6. Understand what triggers an action potential (AP). Explain all phases of an AP. Explain how an AP is propagated along the axon in both myelinated and unmyelinated cells (saltatory versus continuous conduction).

7. Describe the events at a synapse during neurotransmission including how a neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic cell, what determines the effect that a neurotransmitter will have on the postsynaptic cell, and how the signal is terminated. What is the mechanism of action of cocaine? SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)?

8. Be familiar (do not memorize chemical structures) with the neurotransmitters: ACh, serotonin, norepinepherine, dopamine, glutamate, and GABA. Understand the different classes of molecules that can function as neurotransmitters (chemicals, polypeptides, gasses, etc)

9. Know what an IPSP and an EPSP are, how each could be generated, and what each would look like in a trace of membrane activity.

Chapter 12 p431-452 (start with "Regions and Organization", end at Fig 12.17, p 453). Skip p 453-458. Do read Protection of Brain p 458, through the homeostatic imbalances, p 464. Then continue into Spinal Cord, @ Diagnostic Procedures, to p477. Be sure to use objectives to sort through the SC pathway pages!)

10. Understand and be able to describe how the brain is supported and protected. Understand the structure and function of the meninges, the ventricles, the functions of CSF and where it is made, and the blood brain barrier.

11. Locate on a diagram and describe the function of each of the following landmarks of the brain:

-External structures: cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, cerebrum, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, medulla, central sulcus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus , lateral sulcus, longitudinal fissure, frontal lobe, parietal lobe , occipital lobe, temporal lobe, primary motor cortex, primary sensory (somatosensory) cortex, primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, association cortices (in general)

-Internal structures: corpus callosum, basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, optic chiasm, lateral ventricles

12. Understand the function of association, projection, and commissural fibers in the brain

13. Understand the differences between the following types of brain injuries: concussion, contusion, CVA, TIAs.

14. Locate on a diagram and describe the function of each of the following spinal structures: ventral root, ventral (anterior) horn, dorsal root, dorsal (posterior) horn, spinal nerves, white matter and gray matter. Compare and contrast an ‘epidural’ to a lumbar (spinal) tap.

15. Know the total number of spinal nerves, and how many originate per region of the spinal cord. Understand dermatomes, and shingles.

15. Understand the structure and function of the ascending sensory and descending motor pathways.

Chapter 13 (start at p490. I will only ask you about: nerves, the cranial nerves, nerve regeneration after injury, dermatomes, and reflex arcs)

16. How does an injured peripheral nerve regenerate?

17. Know the sensory and motor functions of the 12 cranial nerves. Know how an injury to each nerve could be diagnosed in the doctor’s office.

17. Understand a simple, monosynaptic reflex (2 neurons) and more complex, flexor withdrawl, crossed extensor (3 or more neurons). Give an example of each in the body.

Chapter 14 (read what pages you need to understand the following objective. Look at figures: 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.6, Tables: 14.2, 14.4)

18. Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system including the origin of the preganglionic neuron, the site of the synapse, the neurotransmitter used at each synapse. Know the functions of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and the effect of each on the major organs of the body. Understand: cholinergic receptors, adrenergic receptors (a1, b1, b2), dual innervation.