Grade 10
Geography
Chapter 5 – Minerals and Energy Resources- Book Exercise
1. Multiple Choice Questions.
(i) Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks leaving a residual mass of weathered mineral?
a. coalb. bauxite√c. goldd. zinc
(ii) Koderma, in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which one of the following minerals?
a. bauxiteb. mica√c. iron oned. copper
(iii) Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the states of which of the following rocks?
- sedimentary rocks√c. igneous rocks
- metamorphic rocksd. none of the above.
(iv) Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand?
a. oilb. uraniumc. thorium√d. coal
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i)Distinguish between the following.
- Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
Ferrous Minerals / Non-ferrous Minerals
1. Ferrous minerals have iron content.
Example: Iron ore, Manganese. / 1. Non-ferrous minerals do not have iron content.
Example: Copper, Zinc, Lead and Gold
2. Ferrous minerals help in the development of metallurgical industries. / 2. Non-ferrous minerals play important role in metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries.
3. Ferrous minerals account for ¾th of the total production of metallic minerals in India. / 3. India’s reserves and production of non-ferrous minerals is not satisifactory.
b. Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Conventional sources of energy / Non-conventional sources of energy1. Conventional sources of energy are traditional sources of energy.
Example: Coal, petroleum, natural gas, electricity (hydro and thermal) firewood, cattle dung cake. / 1. Non-conventional sources of energy are new sources of energy.
Example: Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, geo thermal energy and Biogas
2. Conventional sources of energy are non-renewable. They will exhaust one day. / 2. Non-conventional sources of energy are renewable. They will be available year after year.
3. Setting up of generation unit is Expensive. / 3. Initial cost of generation of electricity from non-conventional sources of energy is expensive but cheaper in the long run.
4. These energy sources pollute the atmosphere. / 4. Non-conventional sources of energy are environment friendly. They do not pollute the atmosphere.
5. They are widely used in many places / 5. They are locally used in certain places.
2. ii. What is a mineral?
Mineral is a homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure. Mineral can be found in solid, liquid and gaseous states.
2. iii. How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
In igneous and metamorphic rocks the minerals may occur in cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. They are formed when minerals in liquid / molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. Mineral like copper, zinc and lead are obtained from veins and lodes.
2. iv. Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?
We need to conserve mineral resources because:
- Minerals are non-renewable and exhaustible.
ii. Minerals are unevenly distributed.
iii. Minerals are needed for industrialization and economic development.
iv. Minerals are depleting faster. So, they have to conserved for the present and future generation.
3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
- Describe the distribution of coal in India.
In India coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages, namely Gondawana deposits (200 millions years ago) and Tertiary deposits (55 million years ago).
Gondwana coal deposits are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand), Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro coal fields.
Tertiary coal deposits occur in north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
3. ii. Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
Since India is a tropical country, it has ample sunshine throughout the year. India has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. The solar energy is renewable and eco-friendly. India has acquired photovoltaic technology to convert sunlight into electricity. To produce and utilize the solar the technology is available in India. In rural areas the solar energy is used for cooking, heating of water, space heating, lighting of homes and streets. In Bhuj district of Gujarat, the solar energy is used for sterilizing the milk cans.
Answers:
Across:Down:
- Manganese1. Gold
- Limestone2. Hematite
- Magnetite3. Mica
- Anthracite4. Tertiary
- Bauxite5. Tin
- Copper
- Gypsum
(Write the questions and answers in your note book for assignment apart from Book Exercises).
Previous Years’ Questions
1. State any two factors affecting the economic viability of mineral resources (2008)
Answer: i. Concentration of minerals in the ore
ii. the ease of extraction (which is determined by the type of formation or structure in which the minerals are found).
2. Which State in India is the largest producer of Bauxite. (2010)
Orissa. It produced 45% of the country’s total production in 2000-01.
3. Name the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India. (2010)
Coal. India has vast and rich reserves of coal which are used for power generation to supply energy for both industrial and domestic purposes.
4. Name the two main ferrous minerals.(2009)
Iron ore and Manganese.
5. Where is the largest solar plant located in India?(2009)
The largest solar plant is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj, in Gujarat.
6. Name the ore from which aluminium is mainly obtained.(2009)
Aluminium is obtained from bauxite. Bauxite is a reddish brown clay-like residual substance formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates. Alumina and later aluminium is obtained from this ore.
7. Name the low grade coal.(2009)
Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content.
8. Which is the main source of energy in India?(2009)
Coal is the source of energy in India. It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industries as well for domestic needs. India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements.
9. Mention two types of good quality iron-ores found in India.(2009)
The two types of good quality iron-ore found in India are Magnetic and Hematite.
Magnetite is the finest quality iron-ore with high iron content upto 70 percent.
Hematite has iron content of 50-60%. Hematite is the most important industrial iron-ore in terms of the quantity used.
10. Which gulf provides ideal condition for producing tidal energy in India?(2009)
The Gulf of Kuchchh provides ideal conditions for producing tidal energy in India. A 900 MW tidal energy power plant is set up here by National Hydropower Corporation.
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Other Questions and Answers:
1. What are ores? Give examples.(2010)
The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral with other elements. Minerals are usually found in ores. Metals are extracted from the ores after removing the impurities. Iron ore, bauxite, copper are examples of ores, from which iron, aluminium and copper are derived respectively.
2. What are ‘placer deposits’? Give examples of minerals found in such deposits.(2010)
Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floor and base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’. They generally contain minerals which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are examples of some important minerals found in ‘placer deposits’.
3. What is a mine? Name the different types of mining prevalent in India. What is Rat-hole mining and where in India is this type of mining done?
When the extraction of a mineral from its deposit or reserve becomes economically viable, that deposit is termed as mine.
a. The concentration of minerals in the ore,
b. the ease of extraction and
c. closeness to the market
are important considerations to select a reserve to be a mine for extraction of mineral.
The different types of mining prevalent in India are:
a. Open-pit mining (or Open –cast mining)
b. Underground mining (or Deep-shaft mining)
c. Rat-hole mining
d. Quarrying
e. Drilling (for obtaining mineral oil or petroleum)
Rat-hole mining is a local form of coal mining prevalent in tribal areas of the North-east where some minerals like coal, iron-ore, limestone, dolomite are owned by individuals and communities. In Jowai and Cherrapunji in Meghalaya State, coal mining is done by family members of the tribal community in form of a long narrow tunnel. This is known as Rat-hole mining.
4. Mention any four uses of Manganese. Name three areas where manganese is found.
Four uses:
i. Manganese is an important mineral in the iron and steel industry, used in the manufacturing of steel. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture 1 ton of steel.
ii. It is used to prepare alloys or mixture of different metals to acquire special properties for the minerals, e.g. ferro-manganese alloys.
iii. It is used to make bleaching powder and pesticides.
iv. It is used in manufacturing of batteries and for making paints.
Orissa is the largest producer of Manganese, followed by Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
Kendughar and Sundergarh of Orissa
Chhindwara and Balaghat in Madhya Pardesh
Shimoga of Karnataka
are important areas of Manganese mining.
5. Which types of minerals have provided a strong base for development of metallurgical industries in India? Which particular mineral is termed as the backbone of industrial development and why?
Ferrous minerals like iron ore, manganese etc. account for about 3/4th of total production of metallic minerals in India. As such, ferrous minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries in India. These industries extract and purify the metals and produce them in usable forms for their application in various other industries.
Iron ore, a ferrous mineral, is the basic mineral and backbone of industrial development. It is the key to progress in the present mechanical civilization. Iron and steel made from iron-ore and its alloys is used to make machines. Machines determine the development industries. As the basic tools, implements and machines required in the industries are made of iron, industrial development is determined by iron.
6. Why Mica is considered to be an indispensable mineral for the electronics industry. Mention the names of the main mica-producing areas of India.
Mica is a non-conductor of electricity. Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulation properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is an indispensable mineral for the electrical and electronics industries.
Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading mica-producing area of India.
In Rajasthan, the major mica-producing area is around Ajmer.
In Andhra Pradesh, the Nellore mica belt is an important mica-producing area.
7. Why are petroleum refineries termed as ‘nodal industries’?
Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical industries. During fractional distillation of mineral oil, apart from petrol, diesel and kerosene which act as fuel, a number of byproducts like naptha, phyneyl, paraffin, wax, asphalt or tar and a number of petrochemicals are obtained. Chemical fertilizers, insecticides and chemicals, artificial fibres and artificial rubber are products of petrochemicals. Thus, petrochemicals, provide raw materials for fertilizers, numerous chemicals, synthetic textiles, synthetic rubber and plastic industries.
8. Why do we need to conserve our mineral resources? Explain any three methods of conservation of minerals.
Minerals are required in all spheres of our life-for-agriculture, industries and domestic purposes. We are rapidly consuming the mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. They are finite resources that are non-renewable, yet are getting exhausted due to rapid exploitation. To save these valuable resources from exhaustion and to preserve them for future generations as well, we should conserve our mineral resources.
Three methods of conserving minerals are:
i. Causing minimum wastage of minerals during the process of mining and processing of minerals.
ii. Improved technologies to utilize low-grade ores at low cost.
iii. Using minerals in a planned manner by adopting the policy of recycle and reuse.
Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes to reduce exploitation of present deposits is other method of conserving minerals.
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9. Given below are names of some places with mineral deposits. Match them with the minerals found there.
Khetri mines, Badampahar in Mayurbhanj, Panchpatmali deposits, Jharia, Ratnagiri, Ajmer, Raniganj, Kudermukh mines, Amarkantak plateau, Nellore, Balghat, Singhbhum, Bilaspur-Katni, Bokaro.
MINERALS / AREAS WITH DEPOSITSIron ore
Bauxite
Copper
Mica
Coal
10. Classify the given minerals under their respective types.
Sulphur, Coal, Copper, Iron ore, Lead, Petroleum, Thorium, Salt, Potash, Manganese, Mica, Bauxite, Gold, Nickel, Tin, Limestone, Cobalt, Uranium.
MINERALSMETALLIC / NON-METALLIC / ENERGYMINERALS
FERROUS / NON-FERROUS
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