Ch. 18 – The Muslim World Expands 1300-1700

Section 1: The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

  • Turks Move into Byzantium
  • Turkish Warriors
  • Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire
  • Many see themselves as ghazis – warriors who fight for Islam
  • Osman Establishes a State
  • From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia
  • Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans
  • Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons
  • Successors expand state through alliances and land buying
  • Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan – overlord
  • In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople
  • Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples
  • Timur the Lame Halts Expansion
  • Timur the Lame – Tamerlane – rises to power in Central Asia
  • Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad
  • Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
  • Murad II
  • Murad II begins expansion
  • Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople
  • Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453
  • Open city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds
  • Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities
  • In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power
  • He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into North Africa
  • Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo; important Muslim cities
  • Suleyman the Lawgiver
  • A Great Ruler
  • Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to 1566
  • The Empire Reaches Its Limits
  • Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522)
  • Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean
  • Turks take N. African coastline, control inland trade routes
  • Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna
  • By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world
  • Highly Structured Social Organization
  • Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation
  • Army uses devshirme – drafts boys from conquered lands
  • Trains 30,000 elite soldiers – janissaries – loyal only to the sultan
  • Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion
  • Cultural Flowering
  • Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning
  • Sinan, brilliant, architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman
  • The Empire Declines Slowly
  • Gradual Fall
  • Suleyman kills one son and exiles another
  • Third son inherits throne but rules weakly
  • Later sultans kill their brothers and leaver their sons uneducated
  • Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s eventual fall

Section 2: Cultural Blending

  • Patterns of Cultural Blending
  • Cultural Blending
  • Between 16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia
  • Safavid Empire – Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries
  • Causes of Cultural Blending
  • Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or religion
  • Results of Cultural Blending
  • Changes can occur in language and religion
  • Types of government and methods of organization can change
  • Races and ethnic groups can blend
  • Arts and architecture from different cultures can be combined
  • Case Study: The Safavid Empire
  • The Safavids Build an Empire
  • Begins as religious order named for founder
  • Safavids concentrate on building powerful military
  • Isma’il Conquers Persia
  • 14-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451
  • Takes title of shah – king
  • Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis
  • Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire
  • A Safavid Golden Age
  • Abbas the Great
  • Shah Abbas – Abbas the Great – takes throne in 1587
  • Reforms
  • Helps create a thriving Safavid culture
  • Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade
  • A New Capital
  • Esfahan – new capital – is one of world’s most beautiful cities
  • Art Works
  • Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles
  • Carpets
  • Carpet weaving becomes national industry
  • Dynasty Declines Quickly
  • The Safavid Empire Weakens
  • Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons
  • Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline
  • By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans
  • Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747

Section 3: The Mughal Empire in India

  • Mongol Invaders
  • Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India
  • Conflict
  • Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years
  • In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords – Delhi Sultanate – forms
  • Delhi Sultanate
  • Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th centuries
  • Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398
  • Babur Founds an Empire
  • Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at age 11
  • Is dethroned and driven south into India
  • Army conquers much of northern India, forming Mughal Empire
  • Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered
  • Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan
  • Babur’s Grandson
  • Akbar – “Greatest One” – rules India from 1556 to 1605
  • A Military Conqueror
  • Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers
  • A Liberal Ruler
  • Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims
  • Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office
  • Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows
  • Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die
  • Blended Cultures
  • Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language
  • New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge
  • The Arts and Literature
  • Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish
  • Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule
  • Architecture
  • New architectural style named for Akbar develops
  • Jahangir and Nur Jahan
  • Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to control government
  • Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister
  • Nur Jahan favors son Khursau over other sons
  • Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent religious group
  • Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred
  • Shah Jahan
  • Shah Jahan – Jahangir’s son and successor, marries Persian princess
  • Assassinates all competitors for throne
  • His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in 1631
  • Taj Mahal – huge marble tomb Shah Jahan builds for his wife
  • Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world
  • The People Suffer
  • People suffer paying for wars and monuments
  • Shah Jahan’s third son – Aurangzeb – imprisons father and takes over
  • Aurangzeb’s Reign
  • Rules between 1658 and 1707; expand empire to its largest
  • Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of Hindus
  • Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant
  • Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion
  • The Mughal Empire Crumbles
  • Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war
  • Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states
  • Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal
  • European traders gain key ports

Section 2: Cultural Blending

  • Patterns of Cultural Blending
  • Cultural Blending
  • Between 16th and 18th centuries a ______Muslim dynasty ruled Persia
  • ______– Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries
  • Causes of Cultural Blending
  • Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or religion
  • Results of Cultural Blending
  • Changes can occur in ______and religion
  • Types of government and methods of organization can change
  • Races and ethnic groups can blend
  • Arts and architecture from different cultures can be combined
  • Case Study: The Safavid Empire
  • The Safavids Build an Empire
  • Begins as religious order named for founder
  • Safavids concentrate on building powerful ______
  • Isma’il Conquers Persia
  • ______conquers ______by 1451
  • Takes title of ______– king
  • Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills ______
  • Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire
  • A Safavid Golden Age
  • Abbas the Great
  • ______– Abbas the Great – takes throne in ______
  • Reforms
  • Helps create a thriving Safavid culture
  • Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade
  • A New Capital
  • ______– new capital – is one of world’s most beautiful cities
  • Art Works
  • ______artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles
  • Carpets
  • ______weaving becomes national industry
  • Dynasty Declines Quickly
  • The Safavid Empire Weakens
  • Abbas kills and blinds ______
  • ______, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline
  • By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans
  • Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747

Section 3: The Mughal Empire in India

  • Mongol Invaders
  • ______, or ______, invade northwestern ______
  • Conflict
  • Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years
  • In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords – Delhi Sultanate – forms
  • Delhi Sultanate
  • ______rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th centuries
  • ______destroys Delhi in 1398
  • Babur Founds an Empire
  • ______becomes king of small land in Central Asia at age _____
  • Is dethroned and driven south into India
  • Army conquers much of northern India, forming ______Empire
  • Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered
  • Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan
  • Babur’s Grandson
  • ______– “______” – rules India from 1556 to 1605
  • A Military Conqueror
  • Akbar uses ______; names native Indians as officers
  • A Liberal Ruler
  • Akbar allows ______freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims
  • Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office
  • Hindu finance minister develops better ______; income grows
  • Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they ______
  • Blended Cultures
  • Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language
  • New languages like Hindi and ______emerge
  • The Arts and Literature
  • Book illustrations, called ______, flourish
  • Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule
  • Architecture
  • New architectural style named for Akbar develops
  • Jahangir and Nur Jahan
  • Akbar’s son, ______, allows wife ______to control government
  • Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister
  • Nur Jahan favors son ______over other sons
  • Khusrau rebels, supported by ______, ______religious group
  • Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred
  • Shah Jahan
  • ______– Jahangir’s son and successor, marries Persian princess
  • Assassinates all competitors for throne
  • His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in 1631
  • ______– huge marble tomb Shah Jahan builds for his wife
  • Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world
  • The People Suffer
  • People suffer paying for ______and monuments
  • Shah Jahan’s third son – ______– imprisons father and takes over
  • Aurangzeb’s Reign
  • Rules between 1658 and 1707; expand empire to its largest
  • Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of ______
  • Hindus rebel and ______
  • Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion
  • The Mughal Empire Crumbles
  • Over _____ million people die of ______while Aurangzeb wages war
  • ______becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states
  • Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal
  • European traders gain ______