Online resource 1. The measure or ‘indicator’ used to represent success and the outcomes of experimental trials of diversionary feeding. For each trial, the study was reviewed against the following criteria and the code (in brackets) recorded: target individuals or treatment sites replicated (rep); control sites included (cont); paired (pair) or randomised (ran) site selection; cross-over of treatment and control sites (c/o); monitoring conducted before or after treatment (b/a). Indicators of success were the main aim of the trial. Where more than one aim is stated, those relating most to the overall success of diversionary feeding were used. References: a(New et al. 2012); b((Redpath 2001); c(Smart & Ratcliffe 2000); d(Greenwood, Pietruszewski & Crawford 1998); e(Storey 1997); f(Sullivan & Sullivan 2008); g(Sullivan & Sullivan 2004); h(Sullivan and Sullivan 1988); i(Sullivan, Sullivan & Hogue 2001); j(Barrio, Bueno & Tortosa 2010); k(Sullivan and Sullivan 1984); l(Calenge et al. 2004); m(Geisser & Reyer 2004); n (Sullivan & Klenner 1993); o(Ziegltrum 2004); p(Ziegltrum 2006); q(Fairaizl & Pfeifer 1987); r(Sahlsten et al. 2010); s(Andreassen, Gundersen & Storaas 2005); t(Kaplan et al. 2011); u(Rogers 2011).
Species / Type of study:- / Cost (US$ ha-1) / Indicator of success(output) / Output / Significance (output) / Indicator of success (outcome) / Outcome / Significance (outcome) / Notes
Increase population density of game
Hen harrier a / Model / - / 10 % Increase in red grouse chick survival / 5% / - / Increased population density / 0% / - / -
Hen harrier b / c/o; b/a
cont; rep / $54.17 / Decreased provisioning of red grouse chicks to nests / 86% / F1,41 =11·8, P=0·001 / 10% increase in red grouse chick survival / 44% / - / Costs per nest including food, transport, wages and logistics
Increase population density of at-risk species
Common kestrel c / b/o; rep / - / Reduced movement (foraging) / -3% / F1,13=2.61, P=n/s / Reduced little tern depredation / - / - / Overall result, some variation within time periods
Striped skunk d / Pair; cont; rep; ran / $0.20 / Reduced red grouse depredation / 54% / χ²=3.83, P=0.05 / Increased nest success / 41% / F1,16=1.32, P=0.27 / Costs for food only. Based on 18x applications of 95kg food @ $0.094/kg over 65ha
Northern racoon e / c/o; cont; rep / - / Decreased movement (foraging activity) of racoons / -64% / - / Increased red grouse density / - / F1,10=6.85, P=0.03 / Decreased foraging activity is stated to indicate decreased depredation
Increase crop yield
Long tailed vole sp. f / Pair; cont; rep / -
-
-
- / -
-
-
- / -
-
-
- / -
-
-
- / Increased yield of commercial conifer seedlings / 18.7%
30%
14%
36% / F1,3=3.02, P=0.18
F1,4=4.11, P=0.11
F1,2=1.22, P=0.39
F1,2=18.67, P=0.05 / Expt A: Initial study
Expt B: Increased density of food/ha
Expt C: Increased site size. Varied food/ha
Expt D: Increased site size. Intermediate food/ha
Montane vole sp. g / c/o; cont / - / Reduced damage to commercial pine seedlings / -169% / - / - / - / F1,5=13.40; P=0.01 / -
Microtus spp.h / Cont / -
- / Reduced damage to apple trees / 12.5%
60% / -
- / -
- / -
- / d.f = 2; P<0.05
d.f = 2; P<0.05 / Expt A: Output = mean difference, all treatments
Expt B: Output given for soybean oil logs
Microtus sp. i / c/o; cont; rep / -
-
- / Reduced seedling mortality in pine plantations / 14%
67%
65% / -
-
- / - / -
-
- / F2,2=1.35; P=0.43
F3,6=1.12, P=0.41
F2,4=4.59; P=0.09 / Expt A: Varied food types, result for wood pellets
Expt B: Pre-winter feeding, result for December
Expt C: Alfalfa pellets applied to clear-cut sites
Online resource 1. Continued.
Species / Type of study:- / Cost (US$ ha-1) / Indicator of success(output) / Output / Significance (output) / Indicator of success (outcome) / Outcome / Significance (outcome) / Notes
European rabbit j / Pair; cont; rep / - / Reduced damage to grapevines / 91% / F2,4=32.5, P=0.003 / Increased grape yield / -2% / Z=−0.079, P=0.997 / Output for % reduction in severity of damage
Rodents and birds k / Control, rep
Control, rep
Pair; c/o / $174.75
$87.51
$137.8 / Reduced douglas fur seed depredation
Reduced douglas fur seed depredation
Reduced lodgepole seed depredation / 51%
72%
65% / -
-
- / - / -
-
- / -
-
- / Results for 7:1 sunflower to douglas fir seeds
Results for 5:2:1 sunflower, oats, douglas fir seeds
Results for 2:1 sunflower to lodgepole pine seeds
Wild boar l / b/a / $42.85 / Reduced in damage to vineyards / 18% / t287=1.77, P=0.08 / Financial gain (i.e. less compensation) / 23% / - / Costs include food, equipment and expenses.
Wild boar m / Rep / - / Reduced damage to crops / -62% / - / - / - / F1=2.780 P=0.103 / Output taken from plotted model results
Americal red squirrel n / c/o; cont; rep / -
- / Reduced % of damaged pine trees
Reduced feeding intensity / 80%
86% / -
- / - / -
- / F1,38=62.2; P<0.01
F1,4=16.7; P=0.02 / Exp1: Small scale application
Exp Large (operation) scale application
American black bear o / Pair; cont; rep / - / Reduced in damage to commercial timber / 72% / - / - / - / F3,1=16.98, P<0.001 / -
American black bear p / Model / $3.13 / - / - / - / Financial gain (i.e reduced loss of timber) / 31% / - / Input for current and future costs for 10yr feeding program. Based in simulation.
Waterfowl q / Rep; cont / $16.9x104 / Reduced damage to lure crops / - / Financial gain / $34.2x104 / - / Outcome is savings due to feeding.
Reduce threat to human safety
Eurasian elk r / b/a / - / Divert moose away from problem areas / 0% / - / - / - / - / Output for % time spent at feeders (winter sites)
Eurasian elk s / b/a; cont; rep / $1000 / Fewer train-moose collisions / 235% / F1,4=9.55, P=0.037 / Financial gain / -$541 / - / Cost per km per year
Chacma baboon t / b/a / - / Reduced time spent in urban areas / 26% / Z=1.13; P=0.26 / - / - / - / Output for % time spent in urban areas
American black bear u / b/a / - / Reduced number of nuisance reports of bear activity / - / - / Reduced no. of bear removals / 88% / t9 = 4.14, P<0.002 / -