CHAPTER OUTLINE
2.1 Basic Chemistry
______ refers to anything that takes up ______and has ______. All matter, both non______ and living, is composed of certain basic substances called ______.
Atomic Structure
Elements consist of tiny ______called ______, which are the smallest part of an element that ______the ______ of that element. Atoms are made up of ______charged ______, uncharged ______, and negatively charged ______. All atoms of an element have the______number of ______. This number is called the ______number. The ______number is the ______of an atom’s ______ and neutrons.
The ______Table
The periodic table was constructed as a way to ______ the elements according to certain ______and physical ______.
Isotopes
______are atoms of the same ______that differ in their______of ______, therefore isotopes have the same number of ______, but their mass number is ______.
Low Levels of ______
The chemical behavior of a ______ isotope is essentially the same as that of the ______isotopes of an element so you can use______amounts of radioactive isotopes as ______to detect molecular ______.
High Levels of Radiation
Radioactive substances in the environment can ______cells, damage ______, and cause ______.
Electrons
In an electrically ______atom, the ______ charges of the protons in the nucleus are ______by the ______ charges of electrons moving ______the nucleus in ______. The number of electrons in the outer orbital ______whether an atom ______with other atoms.
2.2 Molecules and Compounds
A ______ is formed when two or more ______ bond together. When the atoms of two or more ______ elements bond together, the product is called a ______.
______Bonding
______form when electrons are______from one atom to another. Ionic compounds are held together by an ______between ______and ______charged ______called an ionic ______.
Covalent Bonding
A covalent bond results when two atoms ______ electrons in such a way that each atom has a ______.
Shape of Molecules
Molecules have a ______-dimensional shape that often determines their ______. The shapes of molecules are necessary to the ______and ______ they play in living things.
______and ______Bonds
When the ______ of electrons between two atoms is fairly ______, the covalent bond is said to be ______. The ______ sharing of electrons in a ______ bond results in a slightly ______charge and a slightly ______charge, resulting in a ______ covalent bond.
Hydrogen ______
______ within a water molecule causes the ______in one molecule to be ______to the ______ atoms in other water molecules, forming a ______bond.
2.3Chemistry of ______
The ______ properties of water make it ______to the existence of ______.
Properties of Water
The many hydrogen ______ that link water molecules help water ______without a great ______ in temperature.Water has a ______heat of ______ because hydrogen bonds must be ______before water ______and changes to a ______state. Water is a ______; due to its ______, it ______chemical ______ inside and outside living organisms. Water molecules are______and ______, it ______ freely, but its molecules do not ______, and it is able to adhere to polar ______.The ______ hydrogen bonds between water molecules results in high surface ______. Ice is less ______ than liquid water, and therefore ice ______.
______and Bases
When water ______, it releases an equal number of ______ions and ______ ions.
Acid Solutions (______H+ Concentrations)
Acids are substances that release ______(H______) when they ______in ______.
______Solutions (______H+ Concentration)
Bases are substances that either ______hydrogen ions (H______) or ______hydroxide ions (______-).
______Scale
The pH scale is used to ______the ______or ______(______) of solutions. The pH scale ranges from 0 to ______.
______and pH
A buffer is a substance that______pH ______normal ______. In animals, the pH of body fluids is ______within a ______, or else health ______.
2.4 ______Molecules
Organic molecules always contain ______(C) and ______(H). A ______group is a specific ______ of bonded atoms that always react in the ______way. A ______ is a simple organic molecule that exists ______or can ______ with other monomers to form a ______. ______and ______reactions______monomers and ______ polymers.
2.5 Carbohydrates
______function for quick ______and short-term ______ storage in all organisms. Carbohydrate molecules are characterized by the presence of the atomic grouping ______.
______Carbohydrates
If the number of carbon atoms in a molecule is ______, then the carbohydrate is a______sugar, or ______. ______is a sugar found in our ______. A ______saccharide contains ______monosaccharides that have ______during a ______reaction.
______saccharides
Long polymers such as ______, glycogen, and ______are poly______that contain ______glucose______.
Starch and ______
Starch and glycogen are large ______forms of glucose in ______and ______.
Cellulose
The polysaccharide ______is found in plant cell ______, which accounts for the ______ nature of these walls.
2.6 Lipids
______function as ______molecules. ______lipids form a ______that ______the ______from its ______, and the ______are a large______of lipids that includes, among others, the sex ______.
Fats and ______
Fats are of ______origin and______at room temperature while oils are of ______originand ______. Fats and oils form when one ______molecules reacts with ______molecules; a fat molecule is sometimes called a ______
Saturated and ______Fatty Acids
A fatty ______is a hydrocarbon ______ that ends with the acidic group ______. ______fatty acids have ______ double covalent bonds between ______atoms. ______saturated fatty acids______ double bonds between carbon atoms.
Phospholipids
______contain a ______ group. They are the primary components of cellular ______.
Steroids
______have a backbone of ______carbon ______. ______ is an important steroid.
2.7 Proteins
______are ______composed of ______acid ______. An amino acid has a ______carbon atom bonded to a ______atom, an ______group ( ______), an ______group( ______), and an ______group. Amino acids______by their ______groups. Proteins perform ______s. Some are ______that ______chemical ______.
Peptides
A ______is a ______ of amino acids that are joined to one another by a ______.
______of Protein ______
Proteins have a ______(______ sequence of amino acids), ______(alpha ______or beta pleated ______), and ______structure (______ shape). Some proteins exhibit a ______structure (______ polypeptide chain). The final ______of a protein is ______important to its ______
2.8 ______Acids
The two types of nucleic acids are ______(______ribo______acid) and ______(ribo______acid). DNA ______genetic ______ in the cell and in the organism.
______of DNA and RNA
Both DNA and RNA are ______of ______. Every nucleotide is composed of a ______, a pentose ______, and a nitrogen-containing ______. DNA is a ______, while RNA is ______.
______(Adenosine Triphosphate)
ATP (adenosine ______phosphate) is the ______ carrier in cells.
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