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World History 1st Semester Final Study Guide

Define the following the terms:

  1. Socrates:
  2. Saladin:
  3. King John:
  4. Vernacular:
  5. Scholasticism:
  6. Crusades:
  7. Sacraments:
  8. William the Conqueror:
  9. Lay investiture:
  10. Ostracism:
  11. Pal eolithic Period:
  12. Octavian “Caesar Augustus”:
  13. Direct Democracy:
  14. Neolithic Period:
  15. Technology:
  16. Monotheistic:
  17. Sparta:
  18. Pericles:
  19. Polytheistic:
  20. Representative Democracy:

Things to Remember: Study the following statements provided below.

Prehistory (pg.4-30)

  1. Material remains are archaeologists’ primary resource when studying prehistory.
  2. Early humans probably developed spoken language so they could communicate during hunting.
  3. Artifacts are things produced by humans.
  4. The Agricultural Revolution is the most significant difference between the Old Stone and the New Stone Age.
  5. Unlike Asia and Africa, the first civilizations in the Americans developed away from river valleys.
  6. Cities are the main feature that defines a civilization.
  7. Job specialization is where people depend on others to fulfill some of their needs.
  8. Cultural Diffusion is a result of trade, migration, and warfare.
  9. A ruler who conquers many cities and villages creates an empire.
  10. Ancient River Valley Civilizations (pg.30-62 and pg.76-83)
  11. One of Ancient Egypt’s greatest accomplishments is the building of the Great Pyramids.
  12. Sumerian Cuneiform was an innovation that later civilizations built upon.
  13. Confucius believed that young people should always respect their elders.
  14. The world’s first civilization developed in Sumer.
  15. The Phoenicians were an ancient people who developed a phonetic alphabet.
  16. Hammurabi’s Code was the first written law code in World History.
  17. The Sumerian innovations in math later led to the creation of algebra and geometry.
  18. Legal issues such as Divorce fall under the Civil law section of Hammurabi’s code.
  19. The Israelites believed in one all-powerful god unlike most of their ancient neighbors.
  20. Most people were peasants in Ancient Egyptian Society.
  21. Both Buddhist and Hindu cultures believe in a circle of reincarnation.
  22. The Persians introduced a money economy in their empire.

Ancient Greece and Alexander the Great (pg.112-144)

  1. Athenian tyrants received support from the merchant and poor classes of Ancient Athens because reforms were passed in their favor.
  2. The Athenian statesman Pericles instituted the rule of direct democracy in Ancient Athens.
  3. Ancient Athens developed the world’s first real democracy.
  4. Greek plays contained the elements of comedy, tragedy, and hero characters.
  5. In Ancient Sparta, women enjoyed more freedom and had more responsibilities than other women of Ancient Greece.
  6. The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote more than 300 books and believed in pursuit of the Golden Mean.
  7. The acropolis was the location of the temples for the gods in every Greek city-state.
  8. The Greeks became convinced of their own uniqueness after their victory over the Persian Empire in the Persian Wars.
  9. The Peloponnesian Wars ended Athenian Domination of the Greek world.
  10. Ancient Athens placed a major emphasis on the individual unlike Ancient Sparta.
  11. In 507 B.C., the Athenian statesman Cleisthenes established a legislature, creating a limited democracy.
  12. Most of the Greek city-states had a monarchy form of government early on.
  13. Alexander the Great’s greatest accomplishment was the spread of Greek culture and knowledge.
  14. Persian weakness was a major factor in its conquest by Alexander the Great.
  15. An oligarchical form of government was popular in many Ancient Greek city-states including Sparta.
  16. In their architecture, the Greeks sought: perfect balance, universal harmony, and order.
  17. Alexander the Great’s empire extended as far as the borders of modern day India.

Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity (pg.148-180)

  1. Julius Caesar was murdered because some Roman senators feared that he would make himself king.
  2. Rome conquered the land around the Mediterranean Sea during the Punic Wars by defeating its rival, the city-state of Carthage.
  3. In Roman society, the members of the wealthy elite were called Patricians.
  4. The economic weakening of the Roman Empire was made worst by the heavy taxes imposed on the middle class.
  5. In the Roman Republic, law that applied to Roman citizens was known as civil law.
  6. In Roman society, the father had absolute control over the entire family.
  7. In their architecture, the Romans emphasized grandeur.
  8. In the 300s, large numbers of Germans invaded the Roman Empire to escape the Huns.
  9. Because of foreign invasions, Roman provinces like Britain were surrendered.
  10. Jesus’ teachings were rooted in Jewish tradition.
  11. Paul is probably the man after Jesus who is most responsible for making Christianity a world religion.
  12. An example of Roman engineering is aqueducts.
  13. In 287, the Roman emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into two.
  14. Most people who were conquered by Rome were loyal because they were allowed to become Roman citizens.
  15. The Roman senate lost power during the era of the Roman Empire.
  16. In avoid trouble; the Romans excused Jews from worshipping Roman Gods.
  17. The Romans developed most of their religious rituals from the Ancient Greeks.
  18. In 313, the Roman emperor Constantine granted religious toleration to the Christians.

The Middle Ages and The Rise of Islam (pg.212-275, pg.302-304)

  1. Legumes were the crops that restored the soil in the three field system.
  2. After conquering England in 1066, William the Conqueror made every lord swore loyalty to him first.
  3. In the Benedictine Rule, one must take the vows of obedience, poverty, and chastity.
  4. Universities were founded because the Church needed better educated clergy for church positions.
  5. In the manor system, the peasants had to stay on the land for life.
  6. The code of conduct for knight was Chivalry.
  7. Due high labor costs and the plague, many peasants moved to cities.
  8. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad became a prophet of Islam after receiving a message from an angel.
  9. Christian Knights captured the holy of Jerusalem in 1099.
  10. After the Reconquista was complete, Spain forced thousands of Muslims and Jews to leave.
  11. The new middle class in medieval class society included merchants.
  12. After the Hundred Years War, English rulers turned to trading ventures overseas.
  13. One of the Five Pillars of Faith in Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca.
  14. A vassal owned his loyalty to his lord.
  15. Because of overcrowding, residents of medieval cities built taller houses and shops.
  16. Because of the Black Death, wages and prices throughout Europe increased.
  17. In 1309, Pope Clement V moved the papal court to Avignon, France.
  18. Due to overcrowding, newcomers to a medieval city often settled outside the city walls.
  19. To appease barons in his realm, King John of England was forced to sign Magna Carta in 1215.
  20. Muslims believed the sacred word of God is contained in the Quran.
  21. Beginning in the 1100s, translations of Greek thinkers reached Christian scholars which began a revolution of learning.
  22. Viking attacks in the 700s destroyed any hope of unity brought about by Charlemagne.
  23. When the Muslims conquered land, they often imposed a special tax on non-Muslims.
  24. The Gothic style of architecture is noted for its graceful spires and tall windows.
  25. A vassal had to serve in the military of his lord.
  26. The Divine Comedy was Dante’s imaginary journey into hell, purgatory, and heaven.
  27. Feudalism developed as a way for medieval societies to protect themselves.
  28. Europeans adopted the commercial practice of city charters from Muslim merchants.