Chapter 11: Matter and Its Properties
Lesson #1
What are properties of matter?
1. elements –The basic building blocks of nature. There are more than 100 elements.
A. Everything is made up of atoms. Atoms can be made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
B. Only a few elements are found in nature in pure form.
C. Each element has its own set of chemical and physical properties.
D. Chemical properties describe how a material changes into other material. (example: burn something).
E. Physical properties can be measured without changing the material.
F. Physical properties: color, odor, mass, volume, texture, conductivity, and hardness.
G. Physical properties can be observed, described, and measured with tools such as rulers, microscopes, thermometers, scales, and balances.
H. ¾ of the elements are metals.
I. Weight - Is the measure of the pull of gravity on an object. Spring scales measure weight.
J. Mass – The amount of matter in an object. A balance scale measures mass. The amount of mass affects the weight of an object.
K. Volume – The amount of space an object takes up. (Volume) V=L(Length)x W(Width)x H(Height). You can use a graduated cylinder to measure the volume of a liquid and some solid objects.
L. 1 milliliter = 1cm(3) cubic centimeter.
M. Gravity is not the same everywhere on Earth.
N. There is a difference between an object’s properties and a material’s properties. If you cut, bend or crush and object, its properties will change, but the material’s properties will not change. Other properties include color, hardness, and texture.
O. Density is the measure of the amount of matter in a given volume. D = m/v. The density of a material is always the same. Equal volumes of any two different substances usually have different masses.
P. If an object’s density is less than the liquids density, the object will float.
Lesson #2
How do atoms combine?
2. Atom – The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element. They are too small to be seen by a microscope.
3. Neutron- Has no electrical charge. One half of the nucleus of an Atom.
4. Proton – Has a positive charge. The other half of the nucleus of an Atom.
5. Electron – Negative charge. Orbits (moves around) the nucleus.
6. Compound – Type of matter made of a combination of elements.
7. Nucleus – The Atom’s center where protons and neutrons are combined.
A. Atoms are identified by the number of protons they have.
B. Periodic table – The way elements are organized. Elements in each column have similar chemical properties.
C. Every element has a symbol of 1, 2, or 3 letters.
D. Every compound has a name and a formula. Examples of compound formula = C6(Carbon), H12(Hydrogen), O6(Oxygen), H20 = water, 2HO = air.
E. Salts are compounds of metals and nonmetals in which particles are held together by opposite charges.
F. Particles with more electron than protons have a negative charge. Particles with fewer electrons have a positive charge.
G. Particles in salts arrange themselves in regular geometric patterns.
Lesson # 3
How do phase changes occur?
A. A material is a solid, liquid, or gas because of the arrangements of its atoms and molecules.
B. A phase change is when matter changes from one state to another.(Example: water: freezes into a solid, is in liquid form, turns into a gas.).
C. Solids have a definite shape and volume.
D. Materials change size when they change temperature. The hotter a material gets, the faster its particles move. The more particles move, the more space each particle has between itself and other particles. This space causes objects to get larger.
E. Gasses have particles that are very far apart. Gas doesn’t have a definite shape or volume.
F. Condensation occurs when a gas turns into a liquid.
G. A material freezes at the same temperature in which it melts.
H. Boiling point is the temperature in which bubbles from throughout a liquid.
Lesson #4
What are mixtures and solutions?
8. Saturated – Contains all the solute that it can hold (dissolve).
9. Concentrated – Has so much solute that it is close to being saturated.
10. Dilute – A solution that is far from being saturated.
A. Mixture – Different materials combined together, but don’t make a compound. Can be separated.
B. A compound cannot be separated.
C. Solution – Substances are spread-out (mixed) evenly and will not settle. Made from a solvent and a solute.
D. Solvent – The substance in which the solute is being dissolved. Water is the universal solvent.
E. Solute – Dissolves the solvent.
F. Dilute → concentration → saturated
G. Water is the universal solvent.
H. Solubility is how much of a substance can be dissolved by a solvent at a certain temperature. The hotter a solution is, the more solid solute can be dissolved.