Study guide for Anatomy and Physiology Mid-Term Jan 2014
Ch. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation
Definition of anatomy and physiology (p. 2)
Structural levels of organization in order (p. 3)
What is the functional unit of life? (p. 2)
Overview of organ systems – know different systems, major organs of each, function of
each (p. 3-7)
Homeostasis- what is it?, difference between negative and positive feedback,
examples ofeach, organ systems that control it, order of elements of the pathway (p.9-11)
Directional terms (p. 12) – be able to describe relationships between two body parts using
the terms
Body regions – know which are anterior and which are posterior (p. 13)
Know the body planes (p. 14)
Body cavities – know where the different ones are located (p. 16-17)
Abdominal regions – look at diagrams on p. 17
Ch. 2 Basic Chemistry
What elements is the body mostly made of? (p. 24)
Know the role of calcium in the body (p. 24)
Know the how the different kinds of Imaging Techniques work (p. 28-29 and your notes)
Ch. 3 Cells and Tissues
Know what the plasma membrane does and (p. 58)
Know the different types of transport in both active and passive transport (p. 66-71)
Diffusion, osmosis, filtration, solute pumping, exocytosis, endocytosis,
phagocytosis, pinocytosis
Tissues (p. 78-87)
Know the four types of tissues and examples of each type
Know the main structure of the tissues
Ex. basement membrane and apical surface = epithelial
epithelial usually over top of connective
connective = extracellular matrix
Know where the tissues are found
Know what type lines the oral cavity
Know the difference between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland (p. 81)
Ch. 4 Skin and Body Membranes
Know what type of membrane skin is (p. 96)
Know what keratin does for the skin (p. 98)
Know what type of tissue the skin is made out of (p. 100-102)
Know which layers are vascular vs. avascular (p. 100-102)
Know the layers of the epidermis from the top down (p. 100)
Why do we tan? What is the purpose of it? (p. 100)
How do nutrients get to the surface of the skin? (p. 100)
What is acne? (p. 103)
Know the difference between eccrine and apocrine glands, sudoriferous vs. sebaceous
glands. (p. 103-104)
Know the products of each, and when they are used.
Ch. 4 continued
Know the terms: cyanosis, alopecia, contact dermatitis, erythma, impetigo – what are
they? What causes them? (p. 103, 107, 111)
Burns (p. 107-109)
difference between 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree
Rule of the nines – what is it? What does it tell doctors? Know what regions are
worth what % (p. 108)
Two major concerns with burns
What makes a person critical? (p. 109)
Skin cancer (p. 109-111)
Know what determines melanoma
ABCD rule – be able to tell what each letter stands for
Ch. 5 Skeletal System
Functions of the skeletal system (p. 116-117)
Number of bones in adult body of human (p. 117)
Categories of bone shapes and examples of each (p. 117)
Gross anatomy of long bone Ex. periosteum, Sharpey’s fibers, etc.. (p. 118)
What does red marrow do? Yellow marrow? (p. 119)
What is an epiphyseal plate? What does it indicate if one is present? (p. 118)
Know the microscopic structure of bone Ex. terms like lacunae, lamellae, etc (p. 120)
Know the four stages in order of bone fracture healing (p. 124)
Know the different types of fractures and their descriptions (Table 5.2 – p. 123)
Know what bones make up the axial skeleton and the ones that make up the appendicular
Skeleton (p. 124)
Be able to locate the bones on a skeleton
Know the different sutures of the skull and where they are located (p. 124, 126)
Where is the foramen magnum located? (p. 127)
Where is mastoid process located? (p. 126)
Know the five regions of the vertebral column from superior to inferior (p. 131)
Know the order of ribs (p. 135)
Which bone does not articulate with any other bone in the body? (p.130)
Know the differences between the types of arthritis (p. 151-153)
What does it mean to have a dislocated or separated shoulder? How would a doctor take
care of it?
Ch. 6 Muscular System
Know the characteristics of each type of muscle tissue (p. 162-164)
Know the connective tissues of a muscle and where each is located – perimysium,
epimysium, endomysium (p. 164)
Functions of the muscular system (p. 165-166)
What is a motor unit? (p. 168)
What is acetylcholine? (p. 169)
Understand how the muscle contraction occurs, especially the actin and myosin elements
(p. 169-170)
What is the difference between a muscle twitch and a tectonic contraction? (p. 170-172)
Know the functions of the following muscles: frontalis, buccinator, masseter, temporalis
Zygomaticus, platysma, orbicularis oris, latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii, deltoid,
Pectoralis major, biceps brachii, hamstrings, sartorius, gastrocnemius (p.181-193)
Labeling
Review the following diagrams for possible labeling: Body cavities, body regions, tissue
types (look at handouts of tissue pictures), sarcomere anatomy, skin, muscles (whole body diagram), and bones on the skeleton
Short answer questions:
Short answer questions will deal with any of the above topics and will be set up like the
“At the Clinic” questions in the book.
Multiple choice 90 points
Labeling50 points
Short answers50 points
Total 190 points