E c o n o m i c &
Review and Appraisal of the
Progress Made in Achieving the Goals and Objectives of the Programme of Action
of the International Conference on Population and Development
1999 Report
United Nations
ST/ESA/SER.A/182
Population Division
Department of Economic and Social Affairs
United Nations Secretariat
Review and Appraisal of the
Progress Made in Achieving the Goals and Objectives of the Programme of Action
of the International Conference on Population and Development
1999 Report
United Nations New York, 1999
Note
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimination of its frontiers or boundaries.
The designations “developed economies”, “developing economies”, “more developed regions” and “less developed regions” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.
The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas.
ST/ESA/SER.A/182
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION
Sales No. E.99.XIII.16
Copyright United Nations 1999
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
PREFACE
The International Conference on Population and Development, held in Cairo, Egypt from 5 to 13 September 1994, was the third global intergovernmental conference dealing with population and development convened by the United Nations. The first United Nations intergovernmental conference was the World Population Conference held in Bucharest, Romania, in 1974, and the second was the International Conference on Population held in Mexico City, Mexico, in 1984. The 1994 Conference adopted by consensus the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development1 and recommended that the General Assembly should organize a regular review of the implementation of the Programme of Action.
In resolution 52/188 of 18 December 1997, the General Assembly decided to hold a special session from 30 June to 2 July 1999, for an overall review and appraisal of the implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development. Also in resolution 52/188, and reiterated in resolution 53/183 of 15December 1998, the Assembly decided that the Commission on Population and Development should consider at its thirty-second session a report of the Secretary-General providing a review and appraisal of the implementation of the Programme of Action which would serve as the input to the preparations for the special session of the Assembly.
The present publication has two parts. The first part presents the above-mentioned report of the Secretary-General providing a review and appraisal of the progress made in achieving the goals and objectives of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development; and offers an overall assessment of the following issues: population trends; population growth, structure and distribution; reproductive rights and reproductive health; health and mortality; international migration; and population programmes and resources. The review and appraisal was the responsibility of the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat.
The second part presents “Key actions for the further implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development”. These constitute the set of key actions adopted by the General Assembly at its special session for the further implementation of the Programme of Action. The set of key actions are organized under five substantive headings, namely, population and development concerns; gender equality, equity and empowerment of women; reproductive rights and reproductive health; partnerships and collaborations; and mobilizing resources.
This publication also provides the statement of Kofi Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations, opening the twenty-first special session of the General Assembly. That statement precedes the first part of the publication.
Note
1 Reportof the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 5-13 September 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.95.XIII.18), chap. I, resolution 1, annex.
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SOURCES, METHODS AND CLASSIFICATIONS
The data on demographic trends used in the present report are taken from World Population Prospects: The 1998 Revision, vol. I, Comprehensive Tables,1 containing the official United Nations population estimates and projections. These population estimates and projections, which are prepared biennially by the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, provide the standard and consistent set of population figures that are used throughout the United Nations system as the basis for activities requiring population information. Population policy data are taken from the Population Policy Data Bank maintained by the Population Division.
In the case of the United Nations estimates and projections, the estimates were made by collecting, evaluating and adjusting, as necessary, all available data for the period 1950-1995. For the period 1995-2050, figures are mostly the result of projections from the year 1995, except for such cases where reliable more recent data are available.
The countries and areas identified as statistical units by the United Nations Statistics Division and covered by the estimates and projections mentioned above are grouped geographically into six major areas: Africa; Asia; Europe; Latin America and the Caribbean; Northern America; and Oceania. Those major areas are further divided geographically into 21 regions. In addition, the regions are classified as belonging, for statistical convenience, to either of two general groups: more developed and less developed, on the basis of demographic and socio-economic characteristics. The less developed regions include all regions of Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), Latin America and the Caribbean, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. The more developed regions comprise Northern America, Japan, Europe and Australia/New Zealand. Other groupings are used as appropriate to the subject matter.
Note
1United Nations publication, Sales No. E.99.XIII.9.
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CONTENTS
Page
Preface...... iii
Sources, methods and classifications...... iv
Explanatory notes...... vii
Opening statement by Kofi Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations, at the twenty-
first special session of the General Assembly, 30 June – 2 July 1999...... 1
PART ONE. REVIEW AND APPRAISAL OF THE PROGRAMME OF ACTION OF THE
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Introduction...... 5
Chapter
I.Overall assessment...... 7
II.Population levels and trends...... 16
III.Population growth, structure and distribution...... 25
A.Trends and policies regarding population growth...... 25
B.Population age structure...... 27
C.Population distribution, urbanization and internal migration...... 30
D.Linkages between population and development...... 34
IV.Reproductive rights and reproductive health ...... 37
A.Reproductive rights and reproductive health...... 37
B.Family planning...... 38
C.Sexually transmitted diseases and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)...... 40
D.Adolescents ...... 41
V.Health and mortality...... 43
A.Primary health care and health-care sector...... 43
B.Child survival and health...... 45
C.Women’s health and safe motherhood...... 47
D.Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS)...... 49
VI.International migration...... 52
A.International migration and development...... 52
B.Documented migrants...... 56
C.Undocumented migrants...... 59
D.Refugees, asylum-seekers and displaced persons...... 60
Page
VII.Population programmes and resources...... 63
A.National action...... 63
B.International cooperation...... 67
C.Partnership with the non-governmental sector...... 69
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Tables
II.1Population by major area, 1970, 1998 and 2050, and annual rates of change...... 17
II.2World population milestones...... 18
II.3Demographic indicators, by major area, selected periods...... 19
II.4Distribution of world’s population by major area: 1950, 1998 and 2050...... 20
II.5Distribution of countries by population size, 1998...... 21
II.6Countries with a population of 50 million or more: 1950, 1998 and 2050...... 22
II.7Countries with an annual rate of natural increase of 2.5 per cent or higher, 1995-2000...... 23
II.8Countries with a negative annual rate of natural increase, 1995-2000...... 24
III.1..Governments’ views of population growth rate, 1974-1998...... 26
III.2..Governments’ views on spatial distribution, by level of development and major area, 1998 33
V.1Maternal mortality by region, 1990...... 47
Figures
II.1World population size: past estimates and medium-, high- and low-fertility variants, 1950-205016
II.2Components of population growth for the world, 1995-2000...... 24
III.1..Population pyramids: age and sex distribution, 1998 and 2050...... 29
III.2..Percentage of population residing in urban areas, 1970, 1998, 2015 and 2030...... 32
IV.1..Life expectancy at birth in 29 African countries with and without AIDS, 1985-1990 to
2010-2015...... 41
V.1Life expectancy for world and major areas, 1950-1955 to 2010-2015...... 44
V.2Life expectancy at birth in the nine countries hardest hit by the AIDS epidemic, 1950-1955 to
2010-2015...... 50
Boxes
III.1...... Excerpt from the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21..35
VI.1...... Revised United Nations Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration 53
VI.2...... Regional consultations on international migration...... 54
VI.3...... Protection of the human rights of migrants...... 57
VI.4...... Internally displaced persons...... 62
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References...... 73
PART TWO. KEY ACTIONS FOR THE FURTHER IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
PROGRAMME OF ACTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT
1
Explanatory notes
Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures.
The following symbols have been used in the tables throughout this report:
Two dots (..) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported.
An em dash () indicates that the amount is nil or negligible.
A hyphen (-) indicates that the item is not applicable.
A minus sign (-) before a figure indicates a decrease.
A point (.) is used to indicate decimals.
A slash (/) indicates a crop year or financial year, for example, 1994/95.
Use of a hyphen (-) between dates representing years, for example, 1994-1995, signifies the full period involved, including the beginning and end years.
Details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add to totals because of rounding.
Reference to “dollars” ($) indicates United States dollars, unless otherwise stated.
The term “billion” signifies a thousand million.
The group of least developed countries currently comprises 48 countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, the Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, the Sudan, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen and Zambia.
The following abbreviations have been used:
AIDSacquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ARTassisted reproductive technology
ASFRage-specific fertility rate
CISCommonwealth of Independent States
DHSDemographic and Health Surveys
HIVhuman immunodeficiency virus
IBRDInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ILOInternational Labour Organization
IOMInternational Organization for Migration
IIRIRAIllegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act
GCCPGlobal Contraceptive Commodity Programme
MCHmaternal and child health
MMRmaternal mortality ratio
ODAofficial development assistance
OECDOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
RCHReproductive and Child Health Support
RTIreproductive tract infection
SSIsupplemental security income
STDsexually transmitted disease
SWAPssector-wide approaches
TFRtotal fertility rate
UNFPAUnited Nations Population Fund
UNHCROffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEFUnited Nations Children’s Fund
WHOWorld Health Organization
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