Earth, Moon, Sun Systems

SCOTT HELMS

WEEXCELL

EARTH, MOON, SUN SYSTEMS

MAY 2008

EVOLUTION OF STARS
LESSON OVERVIEW

GRADE LEVEL: 8

CRITICAL CONCEPTS: LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR

SCIENCE/MATH SKILLS: DATA INTERPRETATION, READING DATA

TABLES

STATE STANDARDS:

ES8.7 EXAMINE THE LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR AND PREDICT THE NEXT LIKELY STAGE OF A STAR

ES9.1 DESCRIBE THAT STARS PRODUCE ENERGY FROM NUCLEAR REACTIONS AND THAT PROCESSES IN STARS HAVE LED TO THE FORMATION OF ALL ELEMENTS BEYOND HYDROGEN AND HELIUM

INSTRUCTIONAL SEQUENCE:

1. PRE TEST
2. NOTES
3. CLASS DISCUSSION
4. SECTION REVIEW
5. EXERCISE PAPER
6. CURRENT SCIENCE MAGAZINE
7. STAR CYCLE LAB
8. POST TEST

/ ASSESSMENTS:
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENTS
PRE TEST
CLASS DISCUSSION
SECTION REVIEW
EXERCISE PAPER
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
STAR CYCLE LAB
POST TEST
REQUIRED MATERIALS:

1. EVENT SLIPS
2. EVELOPES A AND B
3. STAR CYCLE DATA TABLE
4. PENCIL
5. LAB PAPER
6. COPIES OF MAGAZINE ARTICLE
7. ARTICLE SUMMARY WORKSHEET
8. STAR LIFE CYCLE DIAGRAM
9. UNIT NOTES
10. PRE TEST
11. POST TEST

STAR CYCLE LESSON PLAN

TIME: 4-5 50 MINUTE CLASSES

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF ACTIVITES:

1. PRE TEST
2. DISCUSS NOTES WHILE CLASS COPIES FROM OVERHEAD
3. SECTION REVIEW QUESTIONS BASED ON NOTES
4. REVIEW AND DISCUSS REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH STUDENTS
5. INTRODUCE EVOLUTION OF STARS EXERCISE PAPER BASED ON NOTES TAKEN ON PREVIOUS DAY
6. ASSIGN STUDENTS TO READ “GOODBYE WORLD” ARTICLE IN PAIRS
7. STUDENTS COMPLETE EXERCISE PAPER THAT ACCOMPANIES ARTICLE
8. STUDENTS COMPLETE STAR CYCLE ACTIVITY IN LAB GROUPS, ORGANIZING INFORMATION ON STARS AND ANSWERING QUESTIONS
9. DISCUSS ORGANIZATION OF EACH LAB GROUP AS A CLASS
10. POST TEST

MODIFICATIONS:

ESSENTIALS: GUIDED NOTES ARE USED RATHER THAN ASKING STUDENTS TO COYP NOTES. GIVING STUDEDNTS TIME TO PARTICIPATE IN DISCUSSION WHO WOULD NORMALLY SPEND TIME MAKING SURE WORDS WERE WRITTEN CORRECTLY. INFORMATION IN DATA TABLE WOULD BE PARITALLY COMPLETED FOR THEM AS A GUIDE.

ENRICHMENT: BLANK DATA TABLES WOULD BE USED. STUDENTS WOULD BE ASKED TO COPY THEIR OWN NOTES. IN ADDITION, STUDENTS WOULD BE ASKED TO INTERPRET AND COLLECT DATA FROM A REAL WORLD SOURCE IN ORDER TO COMPLETE DATA TABLE.

Reflection:

This material RELATES to the Ohio Academic Content standard for Earth and Space Science ES8.7 AND ES9.1. In order to assess student knowledge for a variety of learners, I included 2 assessment types. The main assessment is the pre/post TEST. I also developed LESSON THAT INCLUDES ACTIVITIES THAT WOULD UTILIZE DIFFERENT LEARNING STYLES.

This assessment portfolio has allowed me to evaluate the effectiveness of my instruction as well as investigate AREAS THAT NEED IMPROVEMENT. This assessment portfolio has also given me a widerange of data that I can share with team members. Evaluating the effectiveness of my instruction, investigating my instructional IMPROVEMENT AREAS as well as sharing information with my colleagues is an important aspect of my professional development. Throughout the course of this assessment, I was able to see that many of my students benefit from activities that allow them to express their creative ability. This information will be useful for future planning. Lastly, REFLECTION of this information has allowed ME to brainstorm ideas for the future.

By charting student progress and success, I am able to track their abilities and their weaknesses. This information will be especially important when I am developing future lessons, activities, and concepts. Keeping track of students success and graphing their data is also a great way to show parents and administration, trends in student’s success and areas of weakness. Overall, monitoring student progress will benefit student’s on-going learning, and be a crucial key to understanding how to incorporate their success throughout their years in school.

By analyzing the pre and post test data, I was able to track the improvement of each individual student and gain insight into how to promote quality learning for each student. Not only has this LESSON allowed me evaluate the successfulness or WEAKNESSES of instruction, but it Has ALLOWED ME TO SEE new ways for me to create quality learning for each of my students.2-4 THE EVOLUTION OF STARS

STARS CHANGE OVER TIME IN THEIR LIFE CYCLE

THE SUN’S LIFE CYCLE IS ~10 BILLION YEARS

STARTING MASS DETERMINES LIFE CYCLE OF STARS

MORE MASS = SHORTER LIFE

LESS MASS = LONGER LIFE

SMALLER STARS BURN LONGER THAN BIGGER STARS

I. PROTOSTARS

NEBULA = CLOUD OF DUST AND GAS

PROTOSTAR = NEW STAR

OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS GRAVITY COLLECTS HYDROGEN

CAUSING COLLISIONS AND HEAT

AT 15,000,000 oC NUCLEAR FUSION BEGINS

GENERATING LIGHT AND HEAT

II. MAIN SEQUENCE

protostarS THAT HAVE startED burning hydrogen

in THEIR core

The 3 divisions in a stellar interior are the nuclear

burning core, convective zone, and radiative zone

appear to be stabile for long periods of time

III. RED GIANT

AFTER A FEW BILLION YEARS THE HYDROGEN IN THE

CORE FUSES INTO HELIUM

THE HELIUM CORE SHRINKS AND GENERATES HEAT

RESULTING IN THE HYDROGEN EXPANDING

AND COOLING

WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IN THE HELIUM CORE REACHES

~200,000,000 oC THE HELIUM IS FUSED INTO CARBON

WHEN THE HELIUM FUEL IS EXHAUSTED THE STAR COOLS

AND GRAVITY COLLAPSES ITS MATTER

IV. WHITE DWARFS

formed when a STAR burned all THE hydrogen and

helium fuel to FUSE ELEMENTS such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen

THE WHITE HOT MATTER IN A WHITE DWARF HAS THE

DENSITY OF 3TONS

5cm3

V. BLACK DWARFS

A HYPOTHETICAL very small cooled remnant of

A white dwarf that emits no detectable light

VI. MASSIVE STARS

MASSIVE STARS HAVE AT LEAST 6 TIMES MASS OF SUN

AFTER BECOMING RED GIANT THE CORE OF THE MASSIVE

STAR REACHES ~600,000,000 oC AND BEGINS TO FUSE ELEMENTS OXYGEN TO IRON

VII. SUPERNOVAS

SUPERNOVA = EXPLOSION OF STAR RELEASING ENERGY

AND ELEMENTS

THE IRON CORE RELEASES ENERGY AND EXPLODES

THE STAR

THE EXPLOSION REACHES ~1,000,000,000 oC FUSING IRON

INTO NEW ELEMENTS AND FORMS A NEW NEBULA

VIII. NEUTRON STARS

A STAR WITH 1.5 – 4 TIMES THE MASS OF THE SUN

AFTER SUPERNOVA HAS A DENSITY OF 100,000,000 TONS

5cm3

NEUTRON STARS ROTATE RAPIDLY AND EMIT ENERGY

PULSARS = NEUTRON STARS THAT EMIT RADIO WAVES

IX. BLACK HOLES

STARS WITH 10 OR MORE TIMES THE MASS OF THE SUN

AFTER SUPERNOVA BECOME BLACK HOLES

BLACK HOLE’S CORE HAS GRAVITY STRONG ENOUGH

TO PULL IN LIGHT AND MATTER

2-4 SECTION REVIEW

1. HOW IS THE EVOLUTION OF A STAR DETERMINED BY ITS STARTING MASS?

STARTING MASS DETERMINES LIFE CYCLE OF STARS

MORE MASS = SHORTER LIFE

LESS MASS = LONGER LIFE

2. EXPLAIN WHAT IS THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF NEW STARS AND WHAT IS THE FIRST

STAGE IN THE FORMATION OF A STAR.

NEBULA ARE THE BUILDING BLOCK OF NEW STARS WHICH IS A CLOUD OF DUST AND

GAS

PROTOSTARS ARE THE FIRST STAGE IN THE FORMATION OF A STAR

3. WHY ARE SUPERNOVAS CONSIDERED FACTORIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HEAVY

ELEMENTS?

THE EXPLOSION OF SUPERNOVAS FUSES IRON INTO NEW ELEMENTS AND FORMS A

NEW NEBULA

4. A SCIENTIST OBSERVES A PULSAR IN THE CENTER OF A LARGE NEBULA. WHAT CAN

THE SCIENTIST INFER ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE NEBULA AND THE PULSAR’S LIFE CYCLE.

THE INFERENCE WAS THAT THE ORIGINAL STATING MASS OF THE SAT WAS1.5 – 4

TIME THAT OF THE SUN AND FORMED A NEBULA WHERE THE NEUTRON STAR IS LOCATED

2-4 THE EVOLUTION OF STARS

KEY CONCEPT

THE MAIN FACTOR THAT SHAPES THE EVOLUTION OF STARS IS STARTING MASS

DESCERIBE THE TERMS

1. NEBULA

NEBULA = CLOUD OF DUST AND GAS

2. PROTOSTAR

PROTOSTAR = NEW STAR

3. MAIN SEQUENCE STARS

protostarS THAT HAVE startED burning Hydrogen in THEIR core

4. SUPERNOVA

SUPERNOVA = EXPLOSION OF STAR RELEASING ENERGY AND ELEMENTS

LABEL THE STAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF STARS

DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF A MAIN SEQUENCE STAR

I. PROTOSTARS

NEBULA = CLOUD OF DUST AND GAS

PROTOSTAR = NEW STAR

OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS GRAVITY COLLECTS HYDROGEN

CAUSING COLLISIONS AND HEAT

AT 15,000,000 oC NUCLEAR FUSION BEGINS

GENERATING LIGHT AND HEAT

II. MAIN SEQUENCE

protostarS THAT HAVE startED burning hydrogen

in THEIR core

The 3 divisions in a stellar interior are the nuclear

burning core, convective zone, and radiative zone

appear to be stabile for long periods of time

III. RED GIANT

AFTER A FEW BILLION YEARS THE HYDROGEN IN THE

CORE FUSES INTO HELIUM

THE HELIUM CORE SHRINKS AND GENERATES HEAT

RESULTING IN THE HYDROGEN EXPANDING

AND COOLING

WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IN THE HELIUM CORE REACHES

~200,000,000 oC THE HELIUM IS FUSED INTO CARBON

WHEN THE HELIUM FUEL IS EXHAUSTED THE STAR COOLS

AND GRAVITY COLLAPSES ITS MATTER

IV. WHITE DWARFS

formed when a STAR burned all THE hydrogen and

helium fuel to FUSE ELEMENTS such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen

THE WHITE HOT MATTER IN A WHITE DWARF HAS THE

DENSITY OF 3TONS

5cm3

V. BLACK DWARFS

A HYPOTHETICAL very small cooled remnant of

A white dwarf that emits no detectable light

Current Science: Good-Bye World? Black Holes

Read the article and answer the questions below.

1. Define black hole.

1. Why are black holes black?

1. What will the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) do?

1. Where is the LHC located?

1. What are protons?

1. How close is the nearest black hole to the Earth?

1. If scientists can’t see black holes, how do they detect them?

1. How large will the black holes be that are formed in the LHC?

1. How long will they last?

1. How do you think instruments like the LHC will influence scientists understanding of the universe?

Label the diagram below of the star cycle:

STAR CYCLE SLIPS

PURPOSE: TO ORDER AND LABEL THE STAGES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR.

MATERIALS:

EVENT SLIP ENVELOPES A AND BWRITING UTENSILLAB PAPERDESK

BACKGROUND:

SOME STARS HAVE EXISTED SINCE THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE. OTHER STARS HAVE BEEN BORN OUT OF THE REMAINS OF EXPLODED STARS. ASTRONOMERS HAVE CHARTED THE LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR FROM ITS “BIRTH” TO ITS “DEATH”. CHANGES IN STARS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIFE CYCLE OCCUR OVER MILLIONS AND BILLONS OF YEARS.

PROCEDURE:

1. REMOVE SLIPS FROM ENVELOPE.
2. READ EACH SLIP
3. PLACE SLIP IN ORDER OF SEQUENCE. (BIRTH TO DEATH OF A STAR)
4. RECORD ORDER ONTO DATA TABLE
5. REPEAT FOR 2ND ENVELOPE.
6. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

RESULTS

STAR CYCLE / MASSIVE/NON-MASSIVE
A
B

CONCLUSION

1. DEFINE WHITE DWARF

1. WHAT WAS THE FIRST STRIP IN ENVELOPE A (YOUNGEST)

1. WHAT WAS THE LAST STRIP IN ENVELOPE A (OLDEST)

WHAT WAS THE LAST STRIP IN ENVELOPE B

1. WHAT TYPE OF STARS EVOLVE INTO WHITE DWARFS

1. WHAT TYPE OF STARS EVOLVE INTO BLACK HOLES OR NEUTRON STARS

1. DEFINE NEUTRON STAR

1. WHAT TYPE OF STAR IS OUR SUN, MASSIVE OR NON-MASSIVE

8. WHAT STAGE IS OUR SUN IN?

Non- Massive Star Evolution.

Over millions of years gravity collects hydrogen causing collisions and heat.

Proto star is created when nuclear fission begins within the spinning heated gas.

The core burns up hydrogen, until it begins to burn helium. This causes the core to shrink.

The shrunken core releases a lot of heated hydrogen and energy that expands outward. This creates an outer shell that burns red. (Red giant stage!)

Helium atoms fuse together to create a heavier element known as carbon. The outer red shell drifts away.

When the star contains a carbon core and no outer ring or shell, it is known as a white dwarf. In this stage the core is very dense.

The star cools and dies. Here it becomes a black dwarf.

(STAR SLIPS FOR ENVELOPE A)

Massive Star Evolution

Over millions of years gravity collects hydrogen causing collisions and heat.

Proto star is created when nuclear fission begins within the spinning heated gas.

The core burns up hydrogen, until it begins to burn helium. This causes the core to shrink.

The shrunken core releases a lot of heated hydrogen and energy that expands outward. This creates an outer shell that burns red. (Red giant stage!)

Red shell drifts away and core starts to create heavier elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and iron.

Iron atoms fuse together. They absorb and release energy in a huge EXPLOSION known as a super nova.

The massive core either results in a neutron star or a black hole.

(STAR SLIPS FOR ENVELOPE B)

UNIVERSE Ii TEST

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. SALLY TESTS 5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GUM TO FIND OUT WHICH HAS THE LONG-LASTING FLAVOR.

IN THIS TEST, THE VARYING TYPES OF GUM ARE THE:

A. INDEPENDENT VARIABLEB. DEPENDENT VARIABLE

C. CO-DEPENDENT VARIABLED. UNDEPENDENT VARIABLE

2. AMY WANTS TO FIND OUT WHICH BOBO HAS THE LONGEST LASTING SQUEAKER. SHE TESTS A VARIETY OF BOBO

SIZES AND DETERMINES THAT THERE ARE DIFFERENT LENGTHS OF SQUEAKING. IN THIS EXPERIMENT THE

LENGTHS OF SQUEAKING IS

A. INDEPENDENT VARIABLEB. DEPENDENT VARIABLE

C. CO-DEPENDENT VARIABLED. UNDEPENDENT VARIABLE

3. BOB EATS 15 BLOGS OF GOBSTOPPERS. IN THIS STATEMENT WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS AN EXAMPLE OF A UNIT

A. 15B. BLOGS

C. GOBSTOPPERSD. BOB

4. A FORCE THAT TENDS TO PULL TOGETHER THE MATTER IN STARS IS

A. GRAVITYB. NUCLEAR FUSION

C. EXPANSIOND. NUCLEAR FISSION

5. ECLIPSING BINARY STARS ARE CAUSED BY

A. STARS SPINNING TOWARD AN OBSERVERB. 1 STAR MOVING IN FRONT OF ANOTHER

C. AN OBSERVER ROCKETING BETWEEN THE STARSD. A MONOSTAR WITHOUT A COMPANION STAR

6. GROUPS OF STARS THAT FORM PATTERNS ARE

A. RANDORIB. SUBLIMATIONS

C. STAR WHEELSD. CONSTELLATIONS

7. GLOBULAR STAR CLUSTERS DIFFER FROM OPEN CLUSTERS BECAUSE THE STARS IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS ARE

A. ARRANGED IN A SPHEREB. DIMMER IN BRIGHTNESS

C. ARRANGED IN A LARGE, LOOSELY ORGANIZED GROUPD. ECLIPSING BINARIES

8. HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE LIGHT FROM A QUASAR 6 BILLION LIGHT-YEARS AWAY TO REACH EARTH?

A. 6 MINUTESB. 6 YEARS

C. 6 MILLION YEARSD. 6 BILLION YEARS

9. DISTANCES IN SPACE ARE MEASURED IN LIGHT-YEARS. ONE LIGHT-YEAR IS THE DISTANCE THAT LIGHT TRAVELS IN

1 YEAR. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO SAY THAT WE SEE A STAR THAT IS 30 LIGHT-YEARS AWAY?

A. THE STAR WILL SHINE FOR 30 MORE YEARS BEFORE REACHING THE END OF ITS LIFE CYCLE.

B. IT WOULD TAKE 30 YEARS OF TRAVEL IN A SPACECRAFT TO REACH THIS STAR

C. IT TAKES 30 YEARS FOR THE LIGHT FROM THAT STAR TO REACH EARTH

D. THE STAR EXPERIENCES 30 YEARS BY THE TIME EARTH EXPERIENCES 1 YEAR

10. CLOUD OF DUST AND GAS

A. COME FROM TACO BELLB. COLOSSAL GIANTS

C. NEBULAD. STAR CLUSTER

11. THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN GALAXIES, WHICH ARE COMPOSED OF HUGE AMOUNTS OF MATTER

A. CHANGES IN AIR PRESSUREB. LIGHT SPECTRA PATTERNS

C. GRAVITYD. TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS

12. THERE ARE _____ TYPES OF GALAXIES

A. 2B. 4

C. 6D. 8

13. ASTRONOMERS THINK THAT THE MILKY WAY GALAXY IS MOST LIKELY WHAT SORT OF GALAXY?

A. SPIRALB. IRREGULAR

C. ELLIPTICALD. NEBULAR

14. THE SUN IS

A. 4.5 BILLION YEARS OLDB. 4.6 BILLION YEARS OLD

C. 4.7 BILLION YEARS OLDD. 4.8 BILLION YEARS OLD

15. EVIDENCE FOR THE SUN’S ROTATION

A. DOES NOT EXISTB. IS THEORETICAL

C. IS OBTAINED BY SURFACE STUDIESD. IS SUNSPOT MOVEMENT

16. HUGE ARCHES OR LOOPS OF HOT GAS SUPPORTED BY MAGNETIC FIELD

A. DR SCHOLL’S SUPPORTB. PROMINENCE

C. HAPPENS IN DETENTIOND. SOLAR FLARE

17. ELEMENTS ARE CREATED

A. IN THE MANTLEB. DURING NUCLEAR FUSION

C. ELEMENTS ARE NOT CREATEDD. AT LOW TEMPERATURES

18. Which of the following are NOT one of the four layers of the sun?

A. Photosphere B. Atmosphere

C. Coronad. Chromosphere

19. Our star is in the ______stage.

A. protostarB. Neutron star

C. Red GiantD. main sequence star

20. During which stage will the sun engulf the Earth?

A. Red GiantB. Protostar

C. Supernovad. White Dwarf

21. What are the two main elements involved in nuclear fusion in the core of a star?

A. Carbon and sulfurB. Hydrogen and iron

C. Hydrogen and heliumd. Helium and carbon

22. The number of stars in the universe has always been the same.

A. Trueb. False

23. Stars do not change over time.

A. Trueb. False

24. What determines the length of the star’s life?

A. DensityB. amount of oxygen

C. Massd. Gravity

25. A star with a large mass will burn ______than a star with less mass.

a. longer b. shorter

26. At which stage of the star cycle is the core the hottest?

A. Red GiantB. Supernova

C. Neutron Stard. Protostar

27. What force causes a nebula to develop into a protostar?

A. MassB. relativity

C. Magnetismd. gravity

28. Our sun will one day turn into a black hole.

A. TrueB. False

SHORT ANSWER

37. DESCRIBE HOW THE SUN PROVIDES ENERGY FOR LIFE.

EXTENDED RESPONSE

38. DESCRIBE HOW GALAXIES ARE CLASSIFIED AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF 1 TYPE, LIST THE LAYERS OF THE

SUN, AND LIST THE LIGE CYCLE OF A MIAN SEQUENCE STAR.

UNIVERSE Ii TEST ESSAY

Short Answer

29. DIAGRAM THE LIFE CYCLE OF A MASSIVE STAR.

30. describe how the sun provides energy required for life.

THE SUN PROVIDES THE ENERGY REQUIRED FOR LIFE BY EMITTING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC

SPECTRUM. PLANTS CHANGE THE LIGHT ENERGY IN TO SUGAR