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Name: ______
Study Sheet – Exam 2 - Geology 2 – Chapters 2, 3, 4
What are the four criteria used to define a “mineral”?
Which of these is not found in the nucleus of an atom?
All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number.
All atoms of the same element have the same atomic mass.
Positive ions are atoms that have gained electrons during a chemical reaction.
Atoms of the same element, sodium for example, have the same number of
______in the nucleus.
Ionic bonding is where ______.
Which of these is correct for isotopes of an element?
What physical property denotes the color of a powdered mineral?
Match the following aspects of atoms and elements with the appropriate response.
Match the following terms to the appropriate physical property of minerals.
Match the mineral with the appropriate description
Insert the appropriate mineral in the four indicated positions on Mohs scale of hardness.
Which of the following is not true about the two minerals graphite and diamond?
Which describes the geometry of a tetrahedron?
Which are found surrounding the center of the Si-O tetrahedron?
Which of the following is a characterization of ferromagnesian silicates?
Match the following minerals with their silicate structure (group).
Plagioclase feldspars contain significant, variable percentages of which elements?
What is the most likely reason why inhalation of asbestos dust promotes diseases such as glaucoma?
Ferromagnesian minerals generally exhibit
Orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars have quite different forms of cleavage.
Why does the mineral halite dissolve in water?
Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce an effervescence (a fizz)?
Match the mineral with the chemical composition and/or commercial uses.
According to the Mohs scale of hardness (see Figure 3.13 and above), what would be the range in hardness for a mineral that scratches calcite, but not quartz? In fact, quartz scratches the mineral.
Magma is ______.
The origin of magma is well understood.
Igneous rocks that form at depth are referred to as intrusive or plutonic rocks.
Examine this VolcanoWorld page. What is the difference between a tholeiitic basalt and an alkali basalt?
Identify the type of igneous rock you would expect to find at each of the indicated locations by selecting the correct response.
What is meant by “extrusive” and “intrusive”?
The most common extrusive igneous rock is granite.
The only factor that determines the texture of an igneous rock is the amount of silica present in the magma.
A slowly cooled magma will most likely result in a rock with which one of the following textures?
The large crystals in an igneous rock with a porphyritic texture are referred to as phenocrysts.
The fine grained volcanic equivalent of granite is basalt.
For igneous rocks, crystal size is interpreted to imply which of the following?
Granitic rocks contain about 70 percent silica and are major constituents of the continental crust.
As the silica content of magma increases, the viscosity decreases.
Igneous rocks that contain substantial dark silicate minerals and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar (but no quartz) are said to have a basaltic, or mafic, composition.
Examine these geology class notes on igneous rocks from GeorgiaPerimeterCollege. What mineral is most likely to compose the phenocrysts in a granite porphyry?
According to the class notes referenced in Question 23, the term "sialic" refers to igneous rocks with a(n) ______composition.
Referring to the class notes indicated in Question 23, which one of these rock textures was created by a period of slow cooling, then uplift and rapid cooling.
Which one of the following rock types has an aphanitic texture?
Which one of the following rocks is an ultramafic?
The intrusive equivalent of the igneous rock basalt is gabbro.
Bowen demonstrated in his experiments that minerals crystallize from magma in a systematic fashion.
According to Bowen's reaction series, quartz is often the last mineral to crystallize from a melt.
The first minerals that form in a cooling magma are primarily members of the sulfide group.
Both temperature and pressure play important roles in the formation of magma.
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide are the most common gases found in magma.
Which one of the following factors is most important in determining the texture of an igneous rock?
The geothermal gradient ______.
Most basaltic magmas probably originate from partial melting of the ultramafic rock peridotite, the major constituent of the upper mantle.
Because magma's density is greater than the surrounding rocks, it works its way to the surface over time spans from thousands to millions of years.
"Wet" rock buried at depth has a much greater melting temperature than does "dry" rock of the same composition and under the same confining pressure.
There is strong evidence that andesitic and granitic magmas originate from the interactions between mantle-derived basaltic magmas and the more silica-rich components of Earth's crust.
Identify the most likely magma type at each indicated location by selecting the correct response.
Which rock and environment has the highest concentration of rare elements?
A magma's viscosity is affected by its composition, temperature, and amount of dissolved gases.
The most abundant gas expelled during a volcanic eruption is ______.
In general, the less silica in a magma, the greater its viscosity.
A magma's viscosity is directly related to its ______content.
Rhyolitic (felsic) magma is typically less fluid than basaltic (mafic) magma.
What is the major dissolved volatile constituent in both magmas and volcanic gases?
The viscosity of the magma, plus the quantity of dissolved gases and the ease with which they can escape, determines how violent a volcanic eruption will be.
Why do magmas rise toward the Earth’s surface?
Magmas that produce felsic rocks (granite and its extrusive equivalent, rhyolite) typically contain less than 50 percent silica.
Pahoehoe, ash, and lapilli are all forms of pyroclastic materials.
The smallest of the three volcano types are the cinder cones.
The structures that result from the emplacement of igneous material at depth are called lahars.
Most volcanoes are fed magma through short conduits or pipes.
Shield volcanoes are the most common product of ______volcanism.
Shield cones are typically large, built primarily of basaltic lava flows, and contain a small percentage of pyroclastic material.
Which volcano type is a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows?
The largest intrusive igneous bodies are batholiths.
Dikes are tabular discordant bodies that are produced when magma is injected into fractures.
A large depression at the summit of a volcano is called a ______.
The largest intrusive igneous bodies are ______.
Many subduction-zone volcanoes are located in a region on Earth called the "Ring of Fire."
Most mare volcanism on the Moon has occurred in the bottoms of very large, very old ______.
The greatest volume of volcanic rock is produced along the oceanic ridge system.
Mantle plumes and hot spots are often associated with intraplate volcanism.
The Columbia Plateau in the northwestern United States was produced by numerous fissure eruptions of very fluid basaltic lava.
Most active composite cones are located in the region of the central Pacific Ocean.
Most intraplate volcanism occurs where a mass of hotter than normal mantle material ascends toward the surface.