Module XIX:Waste management
WASTE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
1)How radioactive waste are classified in Germany (related to IAEA approach)?
a)Same as in IAEA classification, in 6 classes;
b)Wastes are separated broadly into high-level or low-level waste. Classification of low level radioactive waste: Class A, Class B, Class C and waste that is not generally acceptable for near-surface disposal;
c)Instead of the IAEA terms Low Level Waste, Intermediate Level Waste and High Level Waste, a new categorisation system has been choose which is basically subdivided into: Heat-generating radioactive waste and radioactive waste with negligible heat generation.
Correct answer: c).
2)How radioactive waste are classified in USA(related to IAEA approach)?
a)Same as in IAEA classification, in 6 classes;
b)Wastes are separated broadly into high-level or low-level waste. Classification of low level radioactive waste: Class A, Class B, Class C and waste that is not generally acceptable for near-surface disposal;
c)Instead of the IAEA terms Low Level Waste, Intermediate Level Waste and High Level Waste, a new categorisation system has been choose which is basically subdivided into: Heat-generating radioactive waste and radioactive waste with negligible heat generation.
Correct answer: b).
3)What are main characteristics of the exempt waste?
a)Contains such small concentrations of radionuclides that it does not require provisions for radiation protection;
b)Contains only radionuclides of very short half-life with activity concentrations above the clearance levels, can be stored until the activity has fallen beneath the levels for clearance;
c)Waste with levels of activity concentration slightly above the levels specified for the clearance, waste containing naturally occurring radionuclides, originating from the mining or processing of ores and minerals;
d)Waste that requires shielding but needs little or no provision for heat dissipation;
e)Waste that contains long lived radionuclides in quantities that need a greater degree of containment and isolation from the biosphere than is provided by near surface disposal.
Correct answer: a).
4)What is true for exempt and clearance waste?
a)Exempt and clearance waste are under regulatory control;
b)Exempt waste was never under regulatory control and clearance waste are under regulatory control but related to characteristics it was possible to clear it from regulatory control;
c)Exempt and clearance waste are not under regulatory control.
Correct answer:b).
5)What are main characteristics of the very short lived waste?
a)Contains only radionuclides of very short half-life with activity concentrations above the clearance levels, can be stored until the activity has fallen beneath the levels for clearance;
b)Waste with levels of activity concentration slightly above the levels specified for the clearance, waste containing naturally occurring radionuclides, originating from the mining or processing of ores and minerals;
c)Waste that requires shielding but needs little or no provision for heat dissipation;
d)Waste that contains long lived radionuclides in quantities that need a greater degree of containment and isolation from the biosphere than is provided by near surface disposal;
e)Contains such large concentrations of both short and long lived radionuclides that a greater degree of containment and isolation from the accessible environment is needed to ensure long term safety.
Correct answer:a).
6)What are main characteristics of the very low level waste?
a)Contains only radionuclides of very short half-life with activity concentrations above the clearance levels, can be stored until the activity has fallen beneath the levels for clearance;
b)Waste with levels of activity concentration slightly above the levels specified for the clearance, waste containing naturally occurring radionuclides, originating from the mining or processing of ores and minerals;
c)Waste that requires shielding but needs little or no provision for heat dissipation;
d)Waste that contains long lived radionuclides in quantities that need a greater degree of containment and isolation from the biosphere than is provided by near surface disposal;
e)Contains such large concentrations of both short and long lived radionuclides that a greater degree of containment and isolation from the accessible environment is needed to ensure long term safety.
Correct answer:b).
7)What are main characteristics of the low level waste?
a)Contains only radionuclides of very short half-life with activity concentrations above the clearance levels, can be stored until the activity has fallen beneath the levels for clearance;
b)Waste with levels of activity concentration slightly above the levels specified for the clearance, waste containing naturally occurring radionuclides, originating from the mining or processing of ores and minerals;
c)Waste that requires shielding but needs little or no provision for heat dissipation;
d)Waste that contains long lived radionuclides in quantities that need a greater degree of containment and isolation from the biosphere than is provided by near surface disposal;
e)Contains such large concentrations of both short and long lived radionuclides that a greater degree of containment and isolation from the accessible environment is needed to ensure long term safety.
Correct answer: c).
8)What are main characteristics of the intermediate level waste?
a)Contains only radionuclides of very short half-life with activity concentrations above the clearance levels, can be stored until the activity has fallen beneath the levels for clearance;
b)Waste with levels of activity concentration slightly above the levels specified for the clearance, waste containing naturally occurring radionuclides, originating from the mining or processing of ores and minerals;
c)Waste that requires shielding but needs little or no provision for heat dissipation;
d)Waste that contains long lived radionuclides in quantities that need a greater degree of containment and isolation from the biosphere than is provided by near surface disposal;
e)Contains such large concentrations of both short and long lived radionuclides that a greater degree of containment and isolation from the accessible environment is needed to ensure long term safety.
Correct answer:d).
9)What are main characteristics of the high level waste?
a)Contains only radionuclides of very short half-life with activity concentrations above the clearance levels, can be stored until the activity has fallen beneath the levels for clearance;
b)Waste with levels of activity concentration slightly above the levels specified for the clearance, waste containing naturally occurring radionuclides, originating from the mining or processing of ores and minerals;
c)Waste that requires shielding but needs little or no provision for heat dissipation;
d)Waste that contains long lived radionuclides in quantities that need a greater degree of containment and isolation from the biosphere than is provided by near surface disposal;
e)Contains such large concentrations of both short and long lived radionuclides that a greater degree of containment and isolation from the accessible environment is needed to ensure long term safety.
Correct answer:e).
NATURE AND SOURCES OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE
10)What are main characteristics of the waste from mining and minerals processing?
a)Contains significant amounts of fissile materials, other actinides and fission products. It generates significant heat when freshly removed from the reactor;
b)Volume of radioactive waste is small but the levels of activity concentration may be significant, usually contain large and highly concentrated amount of single radionuclide;
c)Relatively large amounts of materials that contain uranium or thorium in small quantities;
d)Owing to its level of activity concentration and to the half-lives of the radionuclides, it does not meet the waste acceptance criteria of near surface disposal facilities.
Correct answer:c).
11)What arecharacteristics of the waste from nuclear power plants?
a)Contains significant amounts of fissile materials, other actinides and fission products. It generates significant heat when freshly removed from the reactor;
b)Volume of radioactive waste generated from these activities is small but the levels of activity concentration may be significant, usually contain large and highly concentrated amount of single radionuclide;
c)Relatively large amounts of materials that contain uranium or thorium in small quantities;
d)Owing to its level of activity concentration and to the half-lives of the radionuclides, it does not meet the waste acceptance criteria of near surface disposal facilities.
Correct answer:a).
12)What are main characteristics of the waste from research reactors?
a)Contains significant amounts of fissile materials, other actinides and fission products. It generates significant heat when freshly removed from the reactor;
b)Volume of radioactive waste generated from these activities is small but the levels of activity concentration may be significant, usually contain large and highly concentrated amount of single radionuclide;
c)Relatively large amounts of materials that contain uranium or thorium in small quantities;
d)Owing to its level of activity concentration and to the half-lives of the radionuclides, it does not meet the waste acceptance criteria of near surface disposal facilities.
Correct answer: d).
13)What are main characteristics of the wastefrom industrial use of radioisotopes?
a)Contains significant amounts of fissile materials, other actinides and fission products. It generates significant heat when freshly removed from the reactor;
b)Volume of radioactive waste generated from these activities is small but the levels of activity concentration may be significant, usually contain large and highly concentrated amount of single radionuclide;
c)Relatively large amounts of materials that contain uranium or thorium in small quantities;
d)Owing to its level of activity concentration and to the half-lives of the radionuclides, it does not meet the waste acceptance criteria of near surface disposal facilities.
Correct answer:b).
TREATMENT
14)What are main objectives of treatment and conditioning of the radioactive waste?
a)to monitor activity of the radioactive waste,
b)to produce a waste product that meets the acceptance criteria for disposal and the requirements for any associated activities for handling, transport and storage,
c)to reveal nature and sources of radioactive waste.
Correct answer: b).
15)Which waste treatment technique are used for wet solid waste (more correct answers)?
a)Cementation,
b)Compaction,
c)Bituminisation,
d)Incineration,
e)Vitrification,
f)Ion exchange,
g)Segmentation,
h)Polymer fixation,
i)Evaporation.
Correct answers: a), c), h).
16)Which waste treatment technique are used for liquid waste (more correct answers)?
a)Cementation,
b)Reverse osmosis,
c)Compaction,
d)Bituminisation,
e)Incineration,
f)Vitrification,
g)Ion exchange,
h)Segmentation,
i)Polymer fixation,
j)Evaporation.
Correct answers: b), g), j).
17)What is waste treatment technique -evaporation?
a)Process by which a solution is concentrated via boiling away the solvent, resulting in the reducing of the waste volumes and in reducing of the amount of radioactive nuclides in liquid effluents;
b)Process in which mobile ions from an external solution are exchanged for ions that are electrostatically bound to the functional groups contained within a solid matrix;
c)Process of the immobilisation of high-level waste (HLW). It requires the formation of an insoluble, solid waste form that will remain stable for many thousands of years.
Correct answer: a).
18)What is waste treatment technique – ion exchange?
a)Process by which a solution is concentrated via boiling away the solvent, resulting in the reducing of the waste volumes and in reducing of the amount of radioactive nuclides in liquid effluents;
b)Process in which mobile ions from an external solution are exchanged for ions that are electrostatically bound to the functional groups contained within a solid matrix;
c)Process of the immobilisation of high-level waste (HLW). It requires the formation of an insoluble, solid waste form that will remain stable for many thousands of years.
Correct answer: b).
19)What is waste treatment technique – vitrification?
a)Process by which a solution is concentrated via boiling away the solvent, resulting in the reducing of the waste volumes and in reducing of the amount of radioactive nuclides in liquid effluents;
b)Process in which mobile ions from an external solution are exchanged for ions that are electrostatically bound to the functional groups contained within a solid matrix;
c)Processof the immobilisation of high-level waste (HLW), it requires the formation of an insoluble, solid waste form that will remain stable for many thousands of years.
Correct answer: c).
20)How in most cases monitoring of the waste characteristics is perform?
a)Activity monitoring isbased on sampling and laboratory analysis;
b)Activity monitoring is done by gamma spectrometric measurements of waste packages;
c)Activity monitoring is done by theGeiger–Müller counter.
Correct answer: b).
WASTE PACKAGING
21)What is not true for waste package?
a)Waste package is engineered component for ensuring containment and providing safety functions;
b)Waste package is principal unit used as a reference for controlling information, record keeping;
c)Waste package is product of conditioning that includes the waste form and any container (packaging) prepared in accordance with requirements for handling, transport, storage and disposal;
d)Waste packages are typically same for alltypes of radioactive waste.
Correct answer: d).
22)Choose correct answer. Waste acceptance criteria:
a)specify the radiological, mechanical, physical, chemical and biological characteristics of waste packages and unpackaged waste which need to be processed, stored or disposed of; or their radionuclide content or activity limits andtheir heat output and the properties of the waste form and packaging;
b)typically describe the nature, content and performance of each type of waste package and provide a link between the supporting research and development (R&D) and package production.
Correct answer: a).
23)Who is responsible for development of the waste package specifications?
a)Regulatory authority,
b)Operator of the respiratory or disposal facility,
c)Waste generator and conditioner,
d)All of them.
Correct answer: d).
STORAGE AND DISPOSAL
What is a disposal of the radioactive waste?
a)Emplacementof radioactive waste for limited period of time;
b)Emplacement of radioactive waste into a facility or a location with no intention of retrieving the waste.
Correct answer: b).
What is storage of the radioactive waste?
a)Emplacementof radioactive waste for limited period of time;
b)Emplacement of radioactive waste into a facility or a location with no intention of retrieving the waste.
Correct answer: a).
Where high-level and long-lived radioactive waste are disposed?
a)Near-surface disposal facility,
b)Deep geological disposal facility,
c)Specific landfill disposal facility.
Correct answer: b).
Where very low level radioactive waste (VLLW) with low concentrations or quantities of radioactive content are disposed?
a)Near-surface disposal facility,
b)Deep geological disposal facility,
c)Specific landfill disposal facility.
Correct answer: c).
Where low level waste (LLW)and short-lived intermediate level waste (ILW) are disposed?
a)Near-surface disposal facility,
b)Deep geological disposal facility,
c)Specific landfill disposal facility.
Correct answer: a).
1