By:
Laura M. Rodriguez
Introduction:
A. It is human nature to ask why and try to figure out things, after all, that’s one of the things that sets us apart from other species. Because of this, every human being is a scientist. To me, a typical scientist is someone who is always asking why and follows certain steps to attempt to find out the answer. I believe that I am a scientist because I have asked myself why on many occasions and attempted to answer my own questions.
B. My personal career goal is to be a pediatric neurosurgeon. I would like to become a pediatric neurosurgeon because of the fact that I like kids and the human brain intrigues me. I also enjoy helping people. I hate to see suffering, especially in children. Through this career, I would be able to ease their pain. Also, being a pediatric neurosurgeon enables me to affect children’s lives and to make an impact on them. This career makes a descent amount of money and I like it. What more could I ask for?
C. Education is a lifetime of hard work. It does not end after you graduate high school, or college. It is ongoing until the day you die. Education requires dedication, devotion and motivation. It is up to the person whether or not they want to learn. To me, education does not equate in going to school or learning from a book. It is a process of exploration and discovery that a person takes along the journey of life.
D. There are many things that keep me motivated in life. My family is one of my biggest motivations. They love and support me. Just the thought of letting them down motivates me to do better, not only for them, but for myself. Something else that motivates me in life is my fear of failure. I hate to fail! Because of this, it serves as motivation not to fail and to keep going as far as I can. The future serves as motivation as well. When I picture myself being a pediatric neurosurgeon helping children, it motivates me to study and work as hard as I can.
Chapter 1 Objectives
1) Briefly describe unifying themes that pervade the science of biology.
1. Science as a process
2. Evolution
3. Energy Transfer
4. Continuity and Change
5. Relationship of Structure to Function
6. Regulation
7. Interdependence in Nature
8. Science, Technology and Society
2) Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology.
A. The living world is a hierarchy, with each level of biological structure building on the level below it. Each level of biological structure has emergent properties. Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function
. The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA
Figure 0105
3) Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization.
With each step upward in the hierarchy of biological order, novel properties emerge that were not present at the simpler levels of organization. These emergent properties result from interactions between components. A molecule such as a protein has attributes not exhibited by any of its component atoms, and a cell is certainly much more than a bag of molecules. if the intricate organization of the human brain is disrupted by a head injury, that organ will cease to function properly, even though all its parts may still be resent. And an organism is a living whole greater than the sum of its parts.
4) Describe seven emergent properties associated with life.
1. Order
2. Reproduction
3. Growth and development
4. Energy utilization
5. Response to the environment
6. Homeostasis
7. Evolutionary adaptation
5) Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell.
Over the past 40 years, a powerful instrument called the electron microscope has revealed the complex structure of cells. A membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings encloses all cells. Every cell, at some stage in its life, contains DNA, the heritable material that directs the cell’s many activities. All organisms are composed of cells. They occur singly as a great variety of unicellular organisms, and they occur as the subunits of organs and tissues in plants, animals, and other multicellular organisms. In either case, the cell is an organism’s basic unit of structure and function.
6) Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Two major kinds of cells-prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells- can be based on structural organization. The cells of the microorganisms known as bacteria are prokaryotic. All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic cells. The eukaryotic cell, by far the most complex, is subdivided by internal membranes into many different functional compartments, or organelles. In eukaryoitic cells, the DNA is organized along with the proteins into structures called chromosomes contained within a nucleus, the largest organelle of most cells. Surrounding the nucleus is the cytoplasm, a thick liquid in which are suspended the various organelles that perform most of the cell’s function. Some eukaryotic cells, including those of plants have tough walls external to their membranes. Animal cells lack walls. In the much simpler prokaryotic cell, the DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell into a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells also lack the cytoplasmic organelles typical of the eukaryotic cells. Almost all prokaryotic cells have tough external walls. Please refer to the following website. http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter1/medialib/0104.jpg
7) Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function."
A bird’s build makes fight possible. The correlation between structure and function can apply to the shape of an entire organism. In other words, the form, shape, or structure of the organism, relates to it’s function, or purpose.
8) List the five kingdoms
Kingdom Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Please refer to the following website. http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter1/medialib/0110.jpg
9) Outline the scientific method
General question, hypothesis, experimental design, collecting data, analyzing data, interpretation, write up.
10) Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning
The deductive in hypothetico-deducive thinking refers to how deductive reasoning is used to test the hypothesis. Deduction contrasts with induction. Induction is reasoning from a set of specific observations to form a general conclusion. In deduction, the reasoning flows in the reverse direction, from the general to the specific.
11) Explain how science and technology are interdependent
Technology, especially in the form of new instruments, extends our ability to observe and measure and enables scientists to work on questions that were previously unapproachable. In turn, technological inventions often apply the discoveries of science. For example, the inventors of the electron microscope borrowed electromagnetic theory from physics.
Chapter 2 Objectives
1) Define element and compound.
ELEMENTS: CANNOT BE DOWN TO OTHER SUBSTANCES. COMPOUND: CONTAINS TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS. Please refer to the following website. http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter2/medialib/0201.jpg
2) State four elements essential to life that make up 96% of living matter.
CARBON, OXYGEN, HYDROGEN, AND NITROGEN = 96%
3) Describe the structure of an atom.
Atomic structure determines the behavior of an element. ATOM: SMALLEST UNIT OF AN ELEMENT NUCLEUS: CONTAINS PROTONS (+) & NEUTRONS (0). OUTER SHELLS: CONTAINS ELECTRONS (-). THE # OF ELECTRONS IN AN ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL ATOM EQUALS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS. ISOTOPES: One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass. Please refer to the following website. http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter2/medialib/0205.jpg
4) Define and distinguish among atomic number, mass number, atomic weight, and valence.
I already know this from Chemistry.
5) Given the atomic number and mass number of an atom, determine the number of neutrons.
I already know this from Chemistry.
6) Explain the octet rule and predict how many bonds an atom might form.
I already know this from Chemistry
7) Define electronegativity and explain how it influences the formation of chemical bonds.
Electronegativity is the force that an atom exerts in a bond. It influences the formation of chemical bonds by affecting the type of bond that it becomes. If all the atoms involved have the same electronegativity or it balances out, then they share nonpolarly. If they have very different electronegativity, then the bond will be polar.
8) Distinguish among nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds.
IONIC BOND: ATTRACTION B/W TOW IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE
Nonpolar Covalent: two atoms pulling the same strength
Polar Covalent: two atoms pulling differently.
9) Describe the formation of a hydrogen bond and explain how it differs from a covalent or ionic bond.
HYDROGEN BONDS ARE RELATIVELY WEAK INTERACTIONS B/W A PARTIAL (+) HYDROGEN ATOM & PARTIAL (-) ATOM OF ANOTHER POLAR MOLECULE. Please refer to the following website:
http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter2/medialib/0214.jpg
Themes in Relation to the Chapter:
1) 1. Relationship of structure to function: The structure of the atom applies to its function.
2. Interdependence in nature: We need DNA and DNA needs atoms.
3. Science, Technology and society: The chapter proved how they are all intertwined.
4. Science as a Process: It is a process used to find attempt to find out the answer to many of the scientist’s questions.
5. Energy transfer: Two atoms can transfer energy to each other by giving or taking electrons.
Chapter 3 Objectives
-Describe how water contributes to the fitness of the environment to support life.
All organisms familiar to us are made mostly of water and live in a world where water dominates climate and many other features of the environment. Here on Earth, water is the biological medium-the substance that makes possible life as we know it. Life began in water and evolved therefore three billion years before spreading onto land. modern life, even terrestial life remains tied to water. Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells contain from about 70% to 95% water. The abundance of water is a major reason Earth is habitable.
-Describe the structure and geometry of a water molecule, and explain what properties emerge as a result of this structure.
Oxygen has four valance orbitals pointing to corners of tetrahedron. Two corners contain pairs of unshared electrons and have weak negative charge. Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. Shared electron spend more time with oxygen. The result is weak positive charge near hydrogen.
Figure 0301
-Explain the relationship between the polar nature of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds. List five characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding.
Each water molecule can form four hydrogen bonds. The positive charge of hydrogen is attracted to the negative charge of oxygen in another water molecule.
Figure 0305
-Describe the biological significance of the cohesiveness of water.
Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding contributes to the transport of water against gravity in plants. Water reaches leaves through microscopic vessels that extend upward from the roots. Water that evaporates from a leaf is replaced by water from the vessels in the leaf.
- Distinguish between heat and temperature.
Heat: measure of the total quantity of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter.
Temperature: measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
-Explain how water's high specific heat, high heat of vaporization and expansion upon freezing affect both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Water can absorb large amounts of heat without large changes in temperature. Large bodies of water help moderate temperature on earth. During daytime/summer; large amounts of solar energy hit earth, body of water is able to absorb large amounts of heat, without large changes in temperature. During night/winter; smaller amounts of solar energy hit earth and gradual cooling of large body of water warms air. Because of this, coastal areas have generally milder climate than inland, ocean temperatures are quite stable and since water covers most of the Earth, temperature fluctuations are within limits that permit life.
-Explain how the polarity of the water molecule makes it a versatile solvent.
Water is a versatile solvent. This means that it is a solution. It is a liquid that is a Liquid that is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. Example – sugar water Solvent dissolving agent. Example – water. Solute Aqueous solution. Water is a very versatile solvent. Why? à Water polar molecule What kinds of substances dissolve in water. Ionic compounds. Charged regions of polar water molecule electrically attracted to charged ion. Water surrounds individual ions, separating and shielding them from each other. Polar compounds -- Charged region of polar water molecules have affinity for oppositely charged regions of other polar molecules. Molecules with affinity for water Hydrophilic substances
Water is the best solvent that we know of because its polarity attracts to its charged polar substances. However, polar does not dissolve nonpolar, so water only dissolves polar substances. (there is no attraction!)
- Write the equation for the dissociation of water, and explain what is actually transferred from one molecule to another.
H2O+H2OàH3O+OH-; H3O+. IS HYDRONIUM ION. OH- IS HYDROXIDE ION. H2O àH+OH-.
Occasionally hydrogen atoms shared between 2 water molecules in hydrogen bond shift position. Because of this, one water molecule with extra hydrogen (H3O). One water molecule minus hydrogen (OH-). This reaction is reversible. Most of water is not ionized.
-Explain the basis for the pH scale.
The pH scale compresses the range of H= and OH- concentrations by employing a common mathematical device; logarithms. The pH declines as the H+ concentration increases. Notince, too, that although the pH scale is based on H+ concentration, it also implies OH- concentration.
-Explain how acids and bases directly or indirectly affect the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is called a base. They are usually <7 on the pH scale. An acid, according to the definition that most biologists use, is a substance that increases the H= concentration of a solution.
Themes in Relation to the Chapter:
1) Science as a process. The process that water undergoes during hydrogen bonding.