PERIOD 4 TERMS PT. 3
antebellum period
pre-civil war; industry immigrants
Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
Timothy Dwight
an American Congregationalist minister, theologian, educator, and author. He was the eighth president of Yale College, from 1795 to 1817.
revivalism
an attempt to reawaken the evangelical faith
revival meetings
gatherings in which the priest would yell at sinners, afterwards the people would roll in the snow and scream
Henry David Thoreau
United States writer and social critic (1817-1862)
On Civil DIsobedience
thoreau's writings contemplating the mexican war, "the work of comparatively few individuals using the government as their tool" refused to pay his taxes
Brook Farm
A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.
George Ripley
transcendentalist, established a utopian community known as Brook Farm in 1841
feminists
A supporter of women's claims to the same rights and treatment as men.
Margaret FUller
Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".
Theodore Parker
Parker was a clergyman, theologian, and the author of A Letter to the People and A Discourse of Matters Pertaining to Religion. He was also an active opponent of slavery who aided in the escape of slaves and the rescue of Anthony Burns, supported New England Emigrant Society, and participated in John Brown's raid in 1859.
utopian communities
groups of people who tried to form a perfect society
Shakers
a celibate and communistic Christian sect in the United States
Robert Owen
(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed
New Harmony
This was a society that focusted on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.q
Joseph Henry Noyes
Helped found the Oneida Community
Oneida Community
radical experiment that practiced free love, birth control, and flourished largely because of superior steel products
Charles Fourier French sociologist and reformer who hoped to achieve universal harmony by reorganizing society (1772-1837)
phalanxes
rows of soldiers standing shoulder to shoulder
Horace Greeley
United States journalist with political ambitions (1811-1872)
George Caleb Bingham
An American realist artist, whose paintings depicted life on the frontier.
William S. Mount
painter of american life
Thomas Cole
Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings
Frederick Church
Central figure in the Hudson River School, pupil of Thomas Cole, known for his landscapes and for painting colossal views of exotic places
Hudson River School
the first coherent school of American art
Washington Irving
United States writer remembered for his stories (1783-1859)
James Fenimore Cooper
United States novelist noted for his stories of indians and the frontier life (1789-1851)
Nathaniel Hawthorne
United States writer of novels and short stories mostly on moral themes (1804-1864)
temperance
abstaining from excess
American Temperance Society
Was established in 1826. Within five years there were 2,220 local chapters in the U.S. with 170,000 members who had taken a pledge to abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages
Washingtonians
Temperance movement which involved relying on each other, sharing alcoholic experiences and relying upon divine help, to help keep each other sober. Total abstinence from alcohol was their goal. The group taught sobriety and preceded Alcoholics Anonymous by 100 years.
Women's Christian Temperance Union
This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.
asylum movement
Efforts to propose government legislation to improve treatment of the insane with larger institutions and proper environmental and educational conditions.
Dorothea Dix
Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums
Thomas Gallaudet
set up a school for the deaf in hartford, connecticut
Samuel Gridley Howe
director of the first american school for the blind students
penitentiaries
new prisons in PA where prisoners were placed in solitary confinement to force them to reflect on sins and repent; high rate of prisoner suicides caused the end of the system
Auburn System
Prison reform in 1790, based on concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform; actually led to many mental breakdowns; Auburn system, 1816, allowed congregation of prisoners during the day
Horace Mann
United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)
public school movement
American movement to create adequate public institutions for widespread education, see horace mann
McGuffey readers
One of the first known textbooks, it is estimated that at least 120 million copies of McGuffey's Readers were sold between 1836 and 1960, sell about 30,000 copies a year. McGuffey's Readers are still in use today in some school systems, and by parents for home schooling purposes.
women's rights movement
giving women the right to vote-seneca falls ny
Sarah Grimke
A woman who published a pamphlet arguing for equal rights of women called "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women". She also argued for equal education opportunities.
Angelina Grimke
She and her sister set out on a lecture tour to see what they have seen of slavery.They believed they were born with God-given rights and should be allowed to use them. Anti-slavery and pro-equal rights for women.
Letter on the Condition of Women and the equality of the Sexes
Written by Sarah Grimke in 1837 to criticize male oppostion to antislavery activities.
Lucretia Mott
A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
United States suffragist and feminist
Seneca Falls Convention
Kicked off the equal-rights-for-women campaign led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (1848)
Susan B. Anthony
social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation
American Colonization Society
A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.
American Antislavery Society
Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.
William Lloyd Garrison
United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)
The Liberator
antislavery newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison
Liberty Party
a former political party in the United States
Frederick Douglass
United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)
The North Star
antislavery newspaper published by Fredrick Douglass
Harriet Tubman
United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)
David Ruggles
an anti-slavery activist who was active in the New York Committee of Vigilance and the Underground Railroad. He claimed to have led over six hundred people, including friend and fellow abolitionist Frederick Douglass, to freedom in the North.
Sojourner Truth
United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)
William Still
African American abolitionist and author; 18th son of ex-slaves; wrote The Underground Railroad which chronicles how he helped 649 slaves escape to freedom via the Underground Railroad
David Walker
a free african american who urged blacks to take their freedom by force
Henry Highland Garnet
abolitionist leader who had escaped slavery and advocated slave rebellion
Nat Turner
United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia
American Peace Society
A pacifist society founded on the principles of William Ladd. Merged societies from New Hampshire, New York, Maine, and Massachusetts.
Sylvester Graham
American clergyman whose advocacy of health regimen emphasizing temperance and vegetarianism found lasting expression in graham cracker
Amelia Bloomer
revolted against the uncomfortable "street sweeping" attire of woman by creating and promoting semi-masculine, short skirts with Trousers, an attire known as "bloomers"