Name: Date:
US History Ms. Byrne
Politics & Economics: 1970-1980
The Nixon Administration
Appealing to Middle America
• Many people ______the government and longed for an end to the ______and turmoil of the 1960s
• Richard Nixon represented the “______” or “middle America” when he promised “______with ______” with Vietnam
• Nixon managed a victory of ______, defeating Hubert Humphrey’s 42.7%
The Southern Strategy
• To gain southern support, Nixon met with powerful South Carolina senator ______and won his backing by promising to only appoint conservatives to the federal courts, name a ______to the Supreme Court, oppose court-ordered busing, and choose a vice-presidential candidate acceptable to the south
• Efforts paid off on election day when large number of southerners deserted the ______party
• Nixon kept his word and worked to slow ______, but he never fully stopped it
A Law-and-Order President
• Nixon promised to uphold ______and ______
• His Attorney General, John Mitchell, declared that he would prosecute “______-______” that stirred up riots
• Mitchell’s deputy, Richard Keindienst, claimed that he was going to “enforce the law against ______, radical students, ______, civil disorders, organized crime, and street ______”
• Nixon attacked the Supreme Court’s ruling which expanded the rights of the ______and refused to appoint ______that would uphold this decision
• Chief Justice Warren retired and was replaced with ______, who refused to expand those rights any further
The New Federalism
• ______à reduce the size of the federal government by dismantling several federal programs and giving more control to state and local governments
• Revenue-sharing à bills that granted ______to state and local agencies
– Intended to give state and local agencies more power
• Nixon worked to close down many of Johnson’s ______Programs
The Family Assistance Plan
• Nixon wanted to reform the nation’s welfare program by creating the ______to Families with ______Children (AFDC)
• Many argued that the program was structured so that it was better to apply for ______than to get a low-paying job
• 1969 à Nixon replaced the AFDC with ______which provided a yearly grant of $1,600, which could be supplemented with outside earnings
• Welfare recipients complained that the grant was ______and opposition led to the program’s defeat in the Senate
Nixon and Kissinger
• Nixon expressed that he hoped that a “______” of advisors could run the country as he has no interest in domestic issues
• Henry ______à Nixon’s national security advisor
– Also served under Kennedy and Johnson as a ______consultant
Nixon Doctrine
• ______à gradual withdrawal of American troops while simultaneously training the South Vietnamese to defend themselves
• Nixon Doctrine à United States expected its allies to be able to ______and would no longer “conceive all the plans, design all the programs, ______all the decisions, and undertake all the ______of the free nations of the world”
New Policy of Détente
• ______à relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union and China
• The United States hoped to build a better relationship with its main rivals in the interest of ______
• Success of détente lessened when it became clear that the US was engaging in ______
Nixon Visits China
• February, 1972 à Nixon announced that he would visit ______to work towards more normal relations
• “Let us start a ______together, not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goal, the goal of building a world structure of ______and ______”
United States-Soviet Tensions Ease
• May, 1972 à American-Soviet ______held to discuss the ______between the nations
• Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (______) à plan to limit ______in both nations
• Also agreed to increase ______and exchange of scientific information
The Watergate Scandal
Roots of Watergate
• Nixon greatly desired ______, so his advisors ordered give men to break into the ______Party’s headquarters at Watergate complex and steal any sensitive ______information
• They were to also place ______on the office phones
• A ______making a routine round spotted a piece of ______holding a door lock and ripped it off
• When he came back around, the tape was there again and he called the police and the men were ______
The Cover-Up Begins
• Media discovered that one burglar was ______-______and a member of the ______for the Re-election of the President
• White House begin to try to cover-up the break in by ______incriminating documents and gave ______to investigators
• With Nixon’s consent, the administration asked the CIA to stop the FBI from investigating the source of money paid to the ______
• Many Americans believed that the President was ______and he won reelection in 1972
Cover-Up Unravels
• Watergate burglars went on ______and claimed that they were hired by the ______administration
• ______, an inner circle member, testified that AG ______ordered the break-in and that Nixon ordered the cover-up
• Alleged ______were discovered that recorded Nixon ordering the cover-up
• ______(Nixon’s VP) was forced to resign because he was caught taking bribes à ______becomes the new VP
Nixon Resigns
• The court ordered Nixon to turn over the tapes and he ______
• Several days later, the ______Judiciary Committee voted to ______Nixon
• August 9, ______à Nixon ______and Gerald Ford took the oath of office
Ford and Carter
Mighty Economic Machine Slows
• The spending from the Vietnam caused ______by pumping money into the economy
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (______) à cartel dominated by ______countries – decided to use ______as a political weapon in 1973
• Same year, war began between ______and ______neighbors and OPEC announced an embargo of oil to countries that supported Israel
• OPEC ______the price of oil by 70% and then another 130%
A Stagnant Economy
• ______à combination of inflation and a stagnant economy with high ______
• Nixon had focused on controlling inflation by ______and raising taxes
• He then tried to reduce consumer spending by getting the Federal Reserve Board to raise ______
Ford Battles the Economic Crisis
• By 1975, America was in the worst ______since the Great Depression
• WIN à “______” – Ford urges Americans to reduce their use of ______and ______, and take steps to ______
• Ford begin to cut ______and asked Fed to raise interest rates
• Worked to balance the ______and keep ______low
Ford’s Foreign Policy
• Ford kept ______as secretary of state and continued ______
• 1975 à Ford met with leaders of ______and the Warsaw Pact and signed the ______
– Parties recognized the borders of ______established at the end of WWII and Soviets promised to uphold certain ______
• May 1975 à Cambodian forces seized the ______, an American cargo ship
– Ford ordered Marines to recapture the ship and called the act “______”
The Election of 1976
• Gerald Ford ran against James Earl Carter Jr., or ______
• Carter was the former governor of ______, but had no experience in Washington
• Carter promised to restore ______and new programs for energy development and national ______
• Carter won with ______electoral votes
Carter’s Economic Policies
• Increased government spending and cut ______, but changed his mind when ______increased
• Asked Americans to support a “______” against rising energy consumption
• Department of ______à government agency aimed at reducing ______
• Carter agreed to deregulate the oil industry to increase competition, but insisted on “______” to prevent companies from charging people too much
• Carter’s policies failed to stop the economy crisis and his ______began to fall when people believed he was blaming them for his ______
Carter’s Foreign Policy
• Carter worked to remove US’s image of ______by giving the ______back to Panama
• He singled out the Soviet Union as a violator of ______and condemned their practice of ______people who protested against the government
• When the Soviet Union invaded ______in 1979, Carter placed an embargo on the sale of grains to the Soviet Union and ______the 1980 summer Olympics in Moscow
Triumph and Failure in the Middle East
• ______à Carter organized a ______between Israel and Egypt
• ______Crisis à originally, the US had supported the ______, or ruler of Iran because they were a large supplier of oil to the US
– Shah became an ______ruler and very unpopular among the people
– The people forced him to ______in 1979
• ______à new ruler of Iran, greatly distrusted US
• November, 1979 à revolutionaries stormed the American ______and took 52 ______
• Carter attempted a failed ______attempted which ended with the death of 8 servicemen
• The inability to free the hostages cost Carter the ______
• January 20, 1981 à day Carter left office, Iran released the hostages after ______days in ______