Anatomy of the Digestive System Minimal Requirements for Lab

Identify Structure and Name Function

  1. Digestive (GI) tract (alimentary canal):
  1. Oral cavity
  1. Hard palate
  1. Palatine process (horizontal plate) of the maxillary bone
  2. Palatine bone
  1. Soft palate
  1. Uvula
  1. Tongue
  1. Papilla
  1. Filiform
  2. Fungiform
  3. Circumvallate
  1. Cranial nerve (C.N.) innervation
  1. Sensory – CN VII, IX, and X
  2. Motor – CN XII
  1. Lingual frenulum
  2. Tonsils
  1. Palatine
  2. Lingual
  3. Pharyngeal
  1. Pharynx
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
  1. Layers of digestive tract
  1. Mucosa
  1. Simple columnar epithelium
  1. Lamina propria
  2. Muscularis mucosa
  1. Submucosa
  1. Submucosal plexus
  2. Submucosal glands
  3. Arteries and veins
  1. Muscularis externa
  1. Inner circular layer
  2. Myenteric plexus
  3. Outer longintudinal layer
  1. The outer most layer of digestive tract consists of either the:
  1. Adventitia − outside of a closed internal body cavity or
  2. Serosa − inside of a closed internal body cavity
  1. Esophagus
  1. Lower esophageal (gastroesophageal or cardio-esophageal) sphincter (LES)
  1. Stomach
  1. Cardiac region (cardia)
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pyloric region
  1. Pyloric sphincter
  1. Lesser curvature
  1. Lesser omentum
  1. Greater curvature
  1. Greater omentum
  1. Rugae
  2. Gastric pits and glands
  1. Surface mucous (mucous neck) cells (note: these are not goblet cells)
  2. Parietal cells that secrete HCl (large cells, often stained red)
  3. Chief cells that produce pepsinogen (smaller cells, often stained blue)
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
  1. 3 layers of smooth muscle
  1. Oblique
  2. Inner circular
  3. Outer longitudinal
  1. Serosa
  1. Small intestines
  1. Mesentery proper
  2. Duodenum
  3. Jejunum
  4. Ileum
  1. Ileocecal valve and junction
  1. Large intestine
  1. Mesocolon
  2. Taenia coli – the outer longitudinal muscle has been reduced to 3 bands
  1. Haustra
  1. Colon
  1. Cecum
  1. Vermiform appendix
  1. Ascending colon
  1. Right colic (hepatic) flexure
  1. Transverse colon
  1. Left colic (splenic) flexure
  1. Descending colon
  2. Sigmoid colon
  1. Rectum
  2. Anus
  1. anal canal
  2. Anal orifice
  3. Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle)
  4. External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)
  1. Accessory structures
  1. Tooth: be able to identify the different types of teeth in the upper & lower jaw
  1. Incisors - central and lateral
  2. Cuspids (canine)
  3. Premolars (bicuspids) - 1st and 2nd
  4. Molars - 1st, 2nd, and 3rd (wisdom teeth)
  5. Each tooth will consist of the following:
  1. Crown (clinical and anatomical)
  2. Enamel
  3. Dentin
  4. Pulp cavity containing pulp (blood vessels and cranial nerves)
  1. Root
  2. Dentin
  3. Cementum
  4. Periodontal ligament
  5. Root canal containing blood vessels and nerves
  6. Gingiva (gum)
  1. Salivary glands
  1. Parotid glands and duct (100 % serous cells)
  2. Submandibular glands and duct (70% serous cells and 30% mucous cells)
  3. Sublingual glands and duct (30% serous cells and 70% mucous cells)
  1. Liver (gross structures):
  1. Lobes:
  1. Right
  2. Left
  3. Caudate
  4. Quadrate
  1. Portal triad containing:
  1. Hepatic portal vein
  2. Hepatic artery
  3. Hepatic bile ducts
  1. Hepatic vein
  2. Falciformligament
  3. Round ligament
  4. Hepatic ducts
  1. Right
  2. Left
  3. Common
  1. Gallbladder
  1. Cystic duct
  1. Common bile duct
  2. Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter
  1. Liver (internal structures)
  1. Lobule
  1. Central vein
  2. Sinusoids
  3. Kupffer cell (liver macrophages)
  4. Hepatocytes
  5. Portal triad
  1. Bile duct
  2. Hepatic artery
  3. Hepatic portal vein
  1. Bile canaliculi
  2. Connective tissue septum
  1. Pancreas
  1. Accessory pancreatic duct
  1. Minor duodenal papilla
  1. Main pancreatic duct – joins with the common bile duct
  1. Hepatopancreaticampulla and sphincter
  2. Major duodenal papilla
  1. Connective tissues within the abdominopelvic cavity
  1. Mesentery proper – small intestine
  2. Mesocolon – large intestine
  1. Histology of the digestive tract
  1. Esophagus
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Submucosal mucous glands
  3. Skeletal and/or smooth muscle
  4. Adventitia
  1. Gastroesophageal junction: epithelial tissue type abruptly changes
  2. Stomach (fundus)
  1. Smooth muscle layers
  1. Oblique (inner)
  2. Circular (middle)
  3. Longitudinal (outer)
  1. Gastric pits and gastric glands
  1. Small intestines
  1. 4 levels of folding to maximize efficiency
  1. Arranged like a sloppily coiled rope (macroscopic)
  2. Plicae circulares (plications)
  3. Villi
  4. Microvilli
  1. Goblet (mucous) cells
  2. Intestinal glands (crypts)
  3. Lacteal
  4. Blood capillaries
  5. Duodenum
  1. Brunner’s (submucosal) glands in the submucosal layer
  2. Duodenal papilla
  1. Jejunum
  1. Only connective tissues in the submucosal layer
  1. Ileum
  1. Peyer’s patches
  1. Large intestines
  1. Taenia coli – the outer longitudinal muscle has been reduced to 3 bands
  2. Haustra
  1. Histology of the accessory glands
  1. Parotid glands
  1. 100 % serous cells
  2. Salivary ducts
  1. Submandibular (submaxillary) glands
  1. 70 % serous cells and 30% mucus cells
  2. Salivary ducts
  1. Sublingual glands
  1. 70 % serous cells and 30% mucus cells
  2. Salivary ducts
  1. Liver
  1. Lobule
  1. Central vein
  2. Sinusoids
  3. Kupffer cell (liver macrophages)
  4. Hepatocytes
  5. Portal triad
  1. Bile duct
  2. Hepatic artery
  3. Hepatic portal vein
  1. Bile canaliculi
  2. Connective tissue septum
  1. Pancreas
  1. Acinar cells (exocrine cells)
  2. Pancreatic islets (endocrine cells)
  1. Duodenum
  1. Brunner’s (duodenal or submucosal) glands in the submucosa
  1. Jejunum − note the presence of pronounced plications and villi
  1. Submucosa contains connective tissues, but nothing extra
  1. Ileum
  1. Peyer’s patches (lymphatic nodules) in the submucosa
  1. Colon: note abundance of goblet (mucous) cells
  1. Haustra – created by the outer longitudinal muscle layer being reduced to bands (taenia coli)
  1. Cat dissection:
  1. Esophagus
  1. Gastroesophageal junction
  1. Stomach
  1. Rugae
  2. Greater omentum
  3. Lesser omentum
  4. Pyloric sphincter
  1. Liver (note difference between humans and cats)
  2. Gall bladder
  3. Small intestine
  4. Duodenum
  5. Jejunum
  6. Ileum

i. Ileocecal valve

  1. Large intestine
  2. Cecum
  3. Ascending colon
  4. Transverse colon
  5. Descending colon
  6. Hepatic and splenic flexures
  7. Mesentery proper
  8. Mesocolon
  9. Rectum
  10. Anus

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