The Industrial Revolution ( Class One, your exam starts here)
Be able to tell me what you learned about preindustrial weaving and textile production
Roughly from 1780-1850
Machines began to significantly replace human and animal power in the production and manufacturing of goods
The use of the steam engine for producing textiles in the 1780’s is majorly influential
Europe gradually transitioned from an agricultural and commercial society into a modern industrial society
The economic changes of the Industrial Revolution did more than any other movement to revolutionize life in Europe and Western Civilization
Roots of the Industrial Revolution
The Commercial Revolution
Proto-industrialization : The Cottage Industry
Also known as the putting out system
Proto-industrialization technologies
The Flying Shuttle, 1733, John Kay
The Spinning Jenny, 1764, James Hargreaves
The Water Frame, 1769, Richard Arkwright
The Industrialization of England
Begins in the 1780’s and isn’t really complete until 1830’s at the earliest
There are multiple Economic and Social Factors
The Agricultural Revolution
Large supplies of capital were available due to over two centuries of profitable commercial activity
Entrepreneurs
Colonial Empire
The Role of the British Government
The growing demand for textiles led to the creation of the world’s first large factories
Steam engines and coal
The Transportation Revolution
Thomas Newcomen’s Steam engine, 1705
James Watt’s steam engine , 1769
Phases of industrialization
Pre-industrialization
Proto-industrialization
Industrialization
The textile industry
The Steam Engine ( steam power)
The Iron Industry
Changes in transportation
The 2nd Industrial Revolution
Occurs latter in the 19th century
Centered on the European continent and the United States
Focused on the newer industries of steel, chemicals and Automobiles
Will be covered more later in the class
Characteristics of industrialization
Occurs differently in different areas all around the world
Occurs differently in different industries
Places with certain kinds of natural resources, wood, coal, minerals and metals are more likely to industrialize faster
A government/ country that embraced capitalism, mercantilism and helped to sponsor the economy also helped industrialization of that country
Large markets for manufactured goods led to industrialization
The textile industry is usually one of the main places where industrialization starts
The Arms industry is another industry that is early to industrialize
Industrialization goes along with the transportation and communication revolution
Results of Industrailzation
Industrailzation was by no means universal
Population Growth
Urban growth
Urban Living conditions changed dramatically
The emergence of new social classes, the Industrial Middle Class
And the new industrial workers
Increase in standard of living
Decrease in agricultural labor
The new young adults
The Isms
Ideologically speaking Europe experienced many changes after the Enlightenment and the Napoleonic wars
The Enlightenment focused on reason and applying nature’s laws to society, government and the economy
After the French Revolution , the faith in reason and the Enlightenment took a severe hit
Various other ideologies came to dominate European thought through out the Nineteenth and 20th centuries
Conservatism
Emerged after the French Revolution
Edmond Burke is an early conservative
advocated for the preservation of European monarchies and nobility.
Conservatives believed that only traditional monarchical institutions of government could maintain order and they were generally opposed to change
Conservatism was a major component of the concert of Europe and the Congress System
Helped to maintain order, peace and stability
Liberalism
Comes from the Enlightenment
Is the first major theory in the history of western thoughts to teach that the individual is a self-sufficient being, whose freedom and well being are the sole reasons for the existence of society
Liberals tended to come from the middle class and favored increased liberty for their class and indirectly for the masses of people
Liberalism was reformist and political rather than revolutionary in character
advocates of liberalism include Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Alexis de Tocqueville
Liberalism is at the heart of some of the revolutionary movements of the 19th century ( mostly social in nature)
Liberalism
Belief in equality before the law and that individuals were born good, free, and capable of improvement
The integrity of the individual should be protected from both society and the government
Liberals were also concerned about political stability and the sanctity of property
Laissez faire economics were part of liberalism
Romanticism
Was a direct reaction to the rationalism of the Enlightenment
Is strongest between 1800 and 1850
Varies from country to country
Appeals to emotion rather than to reason
Rejected the classical emphasis on order and observance of rules
Rejected the Enlightenment view of nature as a precise harmonious whole
Instead viewed nature as alive, vital, changing and filled with the divine spirit
Romanticism expressed vital optimism about life and the future
Class 3 your exam starts here
The Arts in the Age of Romanticism
Literary figures : Wordsworth, Coleridge, Burns, Byron, Shelly, Keats, Tennyson, Goethe, Hugo, Balzac, Dumas, Dostoevski , Longfellow, Irving, Emerson, Poe, Whitman, and Thoreau
Artists: Millet, David, Turner, Constable and , Goya
There was a revival of Gothic styles when it came to architecture
Socialism
Also stemmed from the Enlightenment
There are several kinds of socialism :
Utopian Socialism
Scientific Socialism
Practical Socialism
Christian Socialism
and Revolutionary Socialism ( which becomes communism )
Socialism
The Utopian Socialists-
Were the earliest writers to propose an equitable solution to improve the distribution of society’s wealth
Human society was to be organized as a community rather than a mixture of competing, selfish individuals
All the goods a person needed could be produced in one community
Utopians advocated some kind of harmonious society, some form of model communities, social workshops or the like
Utopian ideas were generally regarded as idealistic and visionary
Utopian Socialists
Henri de Saint-Simon ( 1760-1825)
Charles Fourier ( 1772-1837)
Robert Owen ( 1771-1858)
Louis Blanc ( 1811-1882)
Charles Fourier’s ideal city
Robert Owen’s ideal community
Scientific Socialism
Was the creation of Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Saw capitalism as leading toward a class struggle where the working class would ultimately overthrow capitalism and create a dictatorship of the proletariat and a classless society
Advocated an economic interpretation of history
Society and changes in it are because of class struggle and will always because of class smuggle
Socialism was inevitable, i.e. capitalism contained the seeds of its own destruction
Revolutions
The Age of Revolution
The American and French revolutions were the first revolutions in a series of revolutions that shock the world from the late 18th century till the mid 19th
Each of the revolutions is unique and historically specific to the area in which they occur
This being said there are similarities between the revolutions
There are common ideologies that contribute to all of the revolutions, including but not limited to, Liberalism and Nationalism
Each of the revolutions involves replacing something old( like a political or social structure) with something new
The revolutions often take surprising turns and usually don’t end up where the people who started the revolutions intended
The Revolution in Latin America
When Napoleon conquered Spain in the Peninsular war the power of Spain over Latin America was weakened
Argentina, Venezuela, Columbia, Chili and Peru were all liberated by either Simon “the liberator Bolivar and or Jose de San Martin
Mexico and Central America also become independent
In 1825, Portugal recognized Brazilian independence
The Emergence of Nationalism
Nationalism became perhaps the greatest force for revolution in the period between 1815 and 1850
Italy revolted against Austrian rule in 1830 and 1848
A revolution in Prussia in 1848 resulted in a failed attempt to unify Germany
The Austrian empire saw nationalist revolts by Hungarians and Bohemians
Greece gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832
Belgium won its independence from the Netherlands in 1830
Poland failed in its attempt to gain independence in 1830-31
Britain and Russia were spared nationalist revolutions
The Greek Revolution
in 1821 the Greeks revolted against the Ottoman Empire due to a revival of nationalism and the desire for liberation
The British and French joined navel forces and defeated the Ottoman fleet in the Mediterranean
Russia declares war on the Ottomans
The Treaty of Adrianople ended the Russian-Turkish was and allowed Russia, France and Britain to decide the fate of Greece
In 1830, Greece was declared an independent state but to ensure that the people still knew that liberalism was unacceptable they placed a German king in charge of Greece
as a result 3 out of the 5 members of the Concert of Europe supported nationalism which signaled a shift from a united conservatism to nationalistic self interest
Nationalism
Sought to turn cultural unity into self-government
Common language, history and traditions would bring about unity and common loyalties
Supported by liberals and especially democrats
Had immediate origins in the French Revolution and in the Napoleonic wars
Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) is regarded as the father of modern nationalism
Saw every cultural group as unique and possessing a distinct national character
No one culture is superior to another
His ideas led to the notion that every nation should be sovereign and contain all members of the same nationality
The Revolutions of 1830
Sparked a wave of liberalism and nationalism against perceived conservative oppression
The July Revolution in France
Italy
The German States (1830-1833)
Belgium
Poland
Some of the revolutions of 1830 were successful and others were not
The July Revolution
King Charles X sought to impose absolutism by lessening the constitutional monarchy
In response to this a radical revolt in Paris forced the reactionary Charles X to abdicate his throne
Louis Philippe becomes the new king under a constitutional monarchy
France was now controlled by upper-middle class for example the bankers and businessmen
the July Revolution sparked a wave of revolutions throughout Europe
Italy 1831-1832
In Northern Italy , Modena, Parma and the Papal States, saw outbreaks of liberal discontent
Italian nationalists called for unification, the Italian nationalists were led by Guiseppe Mazzini and his secret revolutionary society Young Italy
The Carbonari: was a secret nationalist society which advocated force to achieve national unification
Austrian troops under Metternich’s enforcement of the Concert of Europe’s philosophy crushed the disorganized revolutionaries
The German States 1830-1833
The Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 had effectively restricted freedom throughout Germany
The July Revolution inspired Germany university students and professors to lead street demonstrations that forced temporary granting constitutions in several minor Germany states
In the end the liberal and nationalistic desires for German unification were easily crushed by Metternich’s domination of the German Confederation and his influence of Prussia
Liberal Reform in England
1820-1830
Britain abandoned the Congress System in 1822
Reformed prisons and the criminal code
Allowed membership in labor unions and established an efficient metropolitan police force
The Reform Bill of 1832
The Factory Act of 1833
The Chartists
Internal unrest in England was relatively small compared to other countries in Europe during the rest of the 19th century
The Revolutions of 1848
were watershed political events of the 19th century
The Revolutions of 1848 were influenced by nationalism, liberalism, romanticism as well as economic dislocation and instability
Only Britain and Russia avoided significant upheaval
Neither liberals nor conservatives could gain the upper hand
Resulted in the end of serfdom in Austria and Germany
Universal male suffrage in France, parliaments established in the German states
Were the last of the liberal revolutions dating back to French Revolution
Involved nearly every European country
The February Revolution
The working class and the liberals in France were displeased with King Louis Philippe
The King was forced to abdicate in February, 1848
The Second French Republic was established
Louis Blanc was influential, Blanc was a socialist thinker who led the working classes , and demanded work for the unemployed
The National workshops were established to provide work for the unemployed
Some of the reforms of the February Revolution were: Abolishment slavery in the empire , 10 hour work day in Paris , and the Abolishment of the death penalty
The June Days
The Government closed the national workshops thus causing the June Days
Marked the beginning of class warfare in France between the bourgeoisie and the working class
Worker sought war against poverty and redistribution of income
Barricades put up in streets to oppose the government forces ( Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables is based on this)
General Cavaignac assumed dictatorial powers and crushed the revolt ( 10,000 dead)
In the election of 1848 Louis Napoleon defeated Cavaignac and became president of the Republic
In 1852, Louis Napoleon consolidated power and became Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire
Italy
Italian nationalists and liberals sought to end foreign domination of Italy
In 1848, some of the northern Italian states expelled their Austrian rulers
The Bourbon rulers in Sicily and Naples were defeated
Sardinia-Piedmont declared war on Austria
Giuseppe Mazzini established the Roman Republic in 1849, was protected by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his armies
Pope Pius IX was forced to flee Rome
Failure of the revolutions in Italy resulted in a victory for the conservatives
Austria
The Habsburg empire had become vulnerable to the revolutionary challenge of nationalists
Ethic minorities seek to have their own nations
The Austrian government was reactionary
Social reliance on serfdom doomed the masses of people to a life without hope
The February Revolution in France sparked rebellion in Austria and called for liberal reforms
The German States
Inspired by the revolutions in France
Liberals demanded constitutional government and a union or federation of German States
The Frankfurt Parliament ( May, 1848)
liberal, nationalist/romantic leaders called for elections to a constituent assembly for the purpose of unifying the German states
The Frankfurt Parliament then presented constitution for a united German federation
Selected Prussian King Frederick William IV as Emperor , Frederick rejected the liberal constitution
Prussia and Austria failed to support unification, and the movement collapsed
The Frankfurt Parliament
Was a meeting of the German states during the revolutions of 1848 , was an attempt to unify the German states into one country , the parliament ultimately fails
Evaluating the Revolutions of 1848
Neither liberal or nationalist revolutionaries nor those of conservativism were able to maintain their dominance
Many of the revolutions were spontaneous movements that could not effectively maintain popular support
The revolutions were largely urban movements
The middle classes, who led the revolutions, came to fear the radicalism of their working class allies
The Revolutions did have positive aspects:
Universal male suffrage introduced in France
Serfdom was abolished in Austria and the German States
The Revolutions of 1848-1849 brought to close the era of liberal revolutions that had begun in France in 1789
Urbanization and Sanitation
In the late 1800’s cities all over the world were growing at astonishing rates
The cities in Britain were some of the fastest growing
Over 50% of population in 1891 lived in urban areas
London was by far the largest city in Europe
The population of Europe increased by 50% between 1870 and 1914
Some of the reasons for this massive increase in urban populations were’
Better medical knowledge, public health, sanitation campaigns, better nutrition and better housing
The number of children per family fell; this trend is more pronounced in the middle class
Nineteenth century medicine
In transition
Used to be based on the body’s humors
A good portion of medical treatment founded on attempts to balance the humors in order to restore health
With discoveries like that of cholera being a water born disease by Snow and others, the way that disease and its relationship to the human body was changing
The idea emerges that diseases were caused by specific factors
Progress in Medicine
Its 1854, and London is once again experiencing a terrible cholera epidemic
Cholera is a disease that until the 19th century was
unknown to Europe and America
Cholera causes people to die a painful and horrible
death within a few days of the first symptoms
Few survive
John Snow a local physician maps out a pattern for
cholera deaths
The source of the outbreak proves to be the Broad Street pump
Specific causes for specific diseases
The search for specific causes for disease
Louis Pasture 1822-1895
Disproved spontaneous generation
Pioneered pasteurization
Because of germ theory of disease developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies
More vaccines followed, small pox by Edward Jenner, Polio by Jonas Salk and many others
Though Pasture and others developed vaccines other scientists were still discovering which germs caused which diseases into the 20th century
The Public health movement
Sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in cities
Edwin Chadwick became the most important reformer of living conditions in cities
Was influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism: idea of the greatest good for the greatest number
Saw disease and death as primary causes of poverty
the sanitary idea: believed that disease could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment
Britain passed its first public law in 1848, Germany, France and the U.S. also adopted Chadwick’s ideas