Supplementary Material
Table S1
Table S2
Table S3
Table S1 Summary of the vertebrates species included in this study and the details of their geographic ranges and molecular analysis. Taxa are amphibians (a), birds (b), fish (f), mammals (m), or reptiles (r). Animals occur in the Southern Hemisphere (S), Northern (N), or both (B). Represented loci are ATPase 6/8 (ATP), control region (control), cytochrome b (cyt b), D-loop, and NADH subunit 2 (NA2).
1 / Abrothrix longipilis / m / S / [-35.1,-51.1] / -43.1 / cyt b / 762 / 13 / 8
2 / Abrothrix olivaceus / m / S / [-20,-54.8] / -37.4 / cyt b / 704 / 12 / 59
3 / Acanthochromis polyacanthus / f / S / [-13.5,-23.5] / -18.5 / D-loop / 265 / 213 / 79
4 / Agama atra / r / S / [-25.5,-34.1] / -29.8 / cyt b / 540 / 23 / 21
5 / Akodon iniscatus / m / S / [-38.5,48.5] / -43.5 / cyt b / 787 / 5 / 9
6 / Alca torda / b / N / [44.6,70.8] / 57.7 / control / 300 / 24 / 27
7 / Amazilia tzacatl / b / N / [0.4, 18.6] / 9.5 / NA2 / 1041 / 14 / 17
8 / Ambystoma maculatum / a / N / [30.2,48.3] / 39.3 / D-loop+ / 787 / 79 / 76
9 / Ammodramus savannarum / b / N / [27.5,42.5] / 35 / control / 877 / 133 / 38
10 / Ammospermophilus leucurus / m / N / [23.0,42.1] / 32.5 / cyt b / 500 / 76 / 35
11 / Astyanax fasciatus / f / N / [14.1,26.6] / 20.3 / cyt b / 600 / 79 / 142
12 / Barbus barbus / f / N / [39.6,51.2] / 45.4 / cyt b / 594 / 69 / 49
13 / Bufo marinus (North) / a / B / [10.4,24.2] / 17.3 / cyt b / 425 / 7 / 16
14 / Calidris alpina / b / N / [27.5,60.8] / 44.2 / cyt b / 908 / 19 / 54
15 / Calomys musculinus / m / S / [-21.5,-48.9] / -35.5 / cyt b / 581 / 30 / 12
16 / Carollia brevicauda (South) / m / B / [7.2,-17.9] / -5.3 / cyt b / 1139 / 11 / 7
17 / Carollia castanea (North) / m / B / [14.5,-6.1] / 5.2 / cyt b / 790 / 5 / 15
18 / Carollia castanea (South) / m / B / [4.2,-16.5] / -5.2 / cyt b / 791 / 5 / 4
19 / Carollia perspicillata (North) / m / B / [20.1,-5.6] / 6.4 / cyt b / 1140 / 5 / 11
20 / Carollia perspicillata (South) / m / B / [6.4,-18.4] / -6.4 / cyt b / 1141 / 5 / 4
21 / Carollia sowelli / m / N / [20.1,8.1] / 14.1 / cyt b / 1140 / 3 / 8
22 / Chelemys macronyx / m / S / [-35.0,-51.1] / -43 / cyt b / 772 / 10 / 8
23 / Connochaetes taurinus / m / S / [-1.6,-22.7] / -12.1 / D-loop / 286 / 55 / 41
24 / Cottus gobio / f / N / [42.4,50.4] / 46.4 / control / 889 / 100 / 48
25 / Damaliscus lunatus / m / S / [-0.9,-18.0] / -9.5 / D-loop / 318 / 37 / 9
26 / Dendroica discolor / b / N / [30.3,41.5] / 35.9 / D-loop+ / 384 / 42 / 21
27 / Dendroica petechia / b / N / [45,65] / 55 / control / 284 / 123 / 37
28 / Desmodus rotundus (South) / m / B / [6.5,-29.7] / -11.6 / cyt b / 827 / 81 / 110
29 / Eligmodontia morgani / m / S / [-34.1,-48.9] / -41.5 / cyt b / 792 / 9 / 8
30 / Eligmodontia typus / m / S / [-28.8,-47.8] / -38.3 / cyt b / 707 / 10 / 19
31 / Eumeces fasciatus / r / N / [30,45] / 37.5 / cyt b / 769 / 44 / 38
32 / Euneomys chinchilloides / m / S / [-35.0,54.8] / -44.9 / cyt b / 779 / 7 / 6
33 / Euphonia gouldi / b / N / [9.0,18.6] / 13.8 / NA2 / 1041 / 10 / 25
34 / Geoxus valdivianus / m / S / [-37.8,-48.3] / -43.1 / cyt b / 767 / 7 / 2
35 / Glaucomys sabrinus / m / N / [34.2,64.8] / 49.5 / cyt b / 303 / 60 / 42
36 / Glaucomys volans / m / N / [14.7,45.3] / 30 / cyt b / 311 / 41 / 35
37 / Glyphorynchus spirurus (North) / b / B / [-2.6,18.0] / 7.7 / NA2 / 639 / 37 / 50
38 / Graomys griseoflavus / m / S / [-20.2,-45.5] / -32.8 / cyt b / 348 / 22 / 11
39 / Henicorhina leucosticta (North) / b / N / [0.4, 18.6] / 9.5 / NA2 / 1036 / 47 / 38
40 / Macropus robustus / m / S / [-20.7,-31.3] / -26 / control / 545 / 14 / 20
41 / Micropterus dolomieu / f / N / [36.5,44.7] / 40.6 / cyt b / 1139 / 6 / 6
42 / Microtus californicus / m / N / [32.0,41.0] / 36.5 / cyt b / 466 / 111 / 35
43 / Microtus longicaudus / m / N / [35.0,65.5] / 50.3 / cyt b / 271 / 127 / 96
44 / Microtus oeconomus (Beringia/North America) / m / N / [48.0,70.2] / 59.1 / cyt b / 1136 / 103 / 48
45 / Microtus oeconomus (Eurasia) / m / N / [46.5,70.7] / 58.6 / cyt b / 1136 / 55 / 100
46 / Microtus richardsoni / m / N / [39.5,50.7] / 45.1 / cyt b / 747 / 40 / 18
47 / Mionectes oleagineus (North) / b / B / [0.4, 18.6] / 9.5 / NA2 / 1041 / 37 / 85
48 / Myrmeciza exsul / b / N / [0.4, 10.4[ / 5.4 / NA2 / 1041 / 15 / 76
49 / Neotoma devia / m / N / [32.1,36.4] / 34.2 / cyt b / 1143 / 30 / 18
50 / Neotoma fuscipes / m / N / [31.2,44.4] / 37.8 / control / 409 / 60 / 26
51 / Neotoma lepida / m / N / [32.3,41.8] / 37 / cyt b / 1143 / 65 / 26
52 / Odocoileus hemionus / m / N / [24.9,60.7] / 42.8 / cyt b / 1027 / 110 / 74
53 / Odontesthes argentinensis / f / S / [-29.4,-42.8] / -36.1 / control / 393 / 180 / 16
54 / Oligoryzomys longicaudatus / m / S / [-29.2,-54.8] / -42 / cyt b / 624 / 112 / 33
55 / Oncorhynchus kisutch / f / N / [39.3,64.5] / 51.9 / control / 552 / 164 / 147
56 / Phaethornis longirostris / b / N / [0.4, 18.6] / 9.5 / NA2 / 1041 / 41 / 30
57 / Phaethornis striigularis / b / N / [0.4, 18.6] / 9.5 / NA2 / 1041 / 29 / 23
58 / Phyllotis xanthopygus / m / S / [-41.0,-48.9] / -45 / cyt b / 688 / 25 / 16
59 / Pipra mentalis / b / N / [9.2,18.6] / 13.9 / NA2 / 1041 / 21 / 29
60 / Pomatostomus temporalis / b / S / [-13.5,-33.0] / -23.2 / cyt b / 282 / 9 / 7
61 / Potamorrhaphis guianensis (South) / f / B / [7.5,-1.5] / 3 / cyt b / 538 / 14 / 6
62 / Ptilonorhynchus violaceus / b / S / [-16.5,-34.7] / -25.6 / ATP / 961 / 26 / 68
63 / Reithrodon auritus / m / S / [-39.0,-53.3] / -46.1 / cyt b / 748 / 10 / 5
64 / Reithrodontomys sumichrasti / m / N / [10.0,21.0] / 16 / cyt b / 1026 / 10 / 27
65 / Sorex monticolus / m / N / [31.8,64.8] / 48.3 / cyt b / 670 / 17 / 37
66 / Sorex ornatus / m / N / [30.5,38.1] / 34.3 / cyt b / 363 / 11 / 15
67 / Sorex palustris / m / N / [40.3,63.3] / 51.8 / cyt b / 989 / 64 / 15
68 / Squalius cephalus / f / N / [41.8,60.4] / 51.1 / cyt b / 599 / 554 / 81
69 / Strix occidentalis / b / N / [33.0,48.0] / 40.5 / control / 1085 / 180 / 117
70 / Syncerus caffer (South) / m / B / [0.3,-21.7] / 10.7 / control / 283 / 145 / 50
71 / Thymallus arcticus / f / N / [56.1,71.4] / 63.7 / control / 1096 / 13 / 31
72 / Trichechus manatus / m / N / [28.0,-2.0] / 13 / control / 388 / 55 / 157
73 / Uria aalge / b / N / [37.7,74.2] / 55.9 / control / 718 / 272 / 301
74 / Xenopus laevis / a / S / [-15.0,-35.0] / -25 / cyt b / 290 / 16 / 19
Table S2 List of vertebrate species used in the analyses, the nucleotide divergence within low and high latitude groups, the magnitude of the difference between low and high latitude populations (a negative value indicates that the high latitude population is more divergent), and whether the species demonstrates higher genetic diversity at low latitudes, whether the genus demonstrates high species diversity at low latitudes, and whether the species range was affected by recent glaciation. Geographic grouping of the ranges is given in parentheses, when applicable. A + sign indicates that the species demonstrates the pattern or its range was influenced by the recent presence of glaciers.
1 / Abrothrix longipilis / 1.8846 / 2.5571 / -1.36 / - / - / +
2 / Abrothrix olivaceus / 2.1134 / 1.5985 / 1.32 / + / - / +
3 / Acanthochromis polyacanthus / 3.2293 / 0.2651 / 12.18 / + / + / -
4 / Agama atra / 10.6847 / 5.2913 / 2.02 / + / + / -
5 / Akodon iniscatus / 0.8455 / 0.3582 / 2.36 / + / + / +
6 / Alca torda / 2.0966 / 1.5525 / 1.35 / + / - / +
7 / Amazilia tzacatl / 1.1707 / 0.2013 / 5.82 / + / + / -
8 / Ambystoma maculatum / 6.2070 / 6.0593 / 1.02 / + / + / -
9 / Ammodramus savannarum / 0.5379 / 0.5238 / 1.03 / + / - / -
10 / Ammospermophilus leucurus / 1.2982 / 0.3465 / 3.75 / + / - / -
11 / Astyanax fasciatus / 2.5999 / 1.6347 / 1.59 / + / + / -
12 / Barbus barbus / 0.4682 / 0.5653 / -1.21 / - / + / +
13 / Bufo marinus (North) / 1.5142 / 0.8098 / 1.87 / + / + / -
14 / Calidris alpina / 0.9086 / 1.2328 / -1.36 / - / + / -
15 / Calomys musculinus / 0.6073 / 0.4678 / 1.30 / + / + / +
16 / Carollia brevicauda (South) / 2.8827 / 0.4706 / 6.13 / + / + / -
17 / Carollia castanea (North) / 5.2733 / 2.0055 / 2.63 / + / + / -
18 / Carollia castanea (South) / 5.2733 / 1.1159 / 4.73 / + / + / -
19 / Carollia perspicillata (North) / 1.6607 / 1.3151 / 1.26 / + / + / -
20 / Carollia perspicillata (South) / 1.6607 / 0.9347 / 1.78 / + / + / -
21 / Carollia sowelli / 1.7999 / 0.2602 / 6.92 / + / + / -
22 / Chelemys macronyx / 0.9382 / 0.4330 / 2.17 / + / - / +
23 / Connochaetes taurinus / 1.9628 / 3.3040 / -1.68 / - / - / -
24 / Cottus gobio / 1.1762 / 0.5355 / 2.20 / + / + / +
25 / Damaliscus lunatus / 1.1624 / 1.3640 / -1.17 / - / - / -
26 / Dendroica discolor / 0.6289 / 0.7817 / -1.24 / - / + / -
27 / Dendroica petechia / 1.8438 / 0.5282 / 3.49 / + / + / -
28 / Desmodus rotundus (South) / 3.9931 / 4.6842 / -1.17 / - / + / -
29 / Eligmodontia morgani / 0.8145 / 0.3077 / 2.65 / + / - / +
30 / Eligmodontia typus / 0.8859 / 0.8241 / 1.07 / + / - / +
31 / Eumeces fasciatus / 3.0554 / 2.1364 / 1.43 / + / + / -
32 / Euneomys chinchilloides / 3.0415 / 0.7622 / 3.99 / + / - / +
33 / Euphonia gouldi / 0.2892 / 0.3930 / -1.36 / - / + / -
34 / Geoxus valdivianus / 3.6845 / 0.6554 / 5.62 / + / - / +
35 / Glaucomys sabrinus / 3.1546 / 0.0473 / 66.68 / + / - / +
36 / Glaucomys volans / 1.5020 / 0.4595 / 3.27 / + / - / -
37 / Glyphorynchus spirurus (North) / 3.5888 / 0.5821 / 6.17 / + / + / -
38 / Graomys griseoflavus / 5.3549 / 0.3048 / 17.57 / + / + / +
39 / Henicorhina leucosticta (North) / 6.9559 / 2.3647 / 2.94 / + / + / -
40 / Macropus robustus / 3.7234 / 3.3276 / 1.12 / + / + / -
41 / Micropterus dolomieu / 0.5893 / 0.4521 / 1.30 / + / - / +
42 / Microtus californicus / 2.2830 / 0.4604 / 4.96 / + / - / -
43 / Microtus longicaudus / 3.1436 / 1.4200 / 2.21 / + / - / +
44 / Microtus oeconomus (Beringia/NA) / 0.7211 / 0.5012 / 1.44 / + / - / +
45 / Microtus oeconomus (Eurasia) / 2.6509 / 2.5700 / 1.03 / + / - / +
46 / Microtus richardsoni / 1.8362 / 0.4565 / 4.02 / + / - / +
47 / Mionectes oleagineus (North) / 1.6117 / 2.2670 / -1.41 / - / + / -
48 / Myrmeciza exsul / 0.2788 / 0.3678 / -1.32 / - / + / -
49 / Neotoma devia / 1.6303 / 0.5970 / 2.73 / + / - / -
50 / Neotoma fuscipes / 7.5822 / 2.6635 / 2.85 / + / - / -
51 / Neotoma lepida / 1.6590 / 1.9501 / -1.18 / - / - / -
52 / Odocoileus hemionus / 1.6551 / 3.9571 / -2.39 / - / - / +
53 / Odontesthes argentinensis / 1.2612 / 1.4902 / -1.18 / - / - / -
54 / Oligoryzomys longicaudatus / 0.7982 / 0.5503 / 1.45 / + / + / +
55 / Oncorhynchus kisutch / 3.6285 / 2.1361 / 1.70 / + / - / +
56 / Phaethornis longirostris / 0.3732 / 0.0418 / 8.93 / + / + / -
57 / Phaethornis striigularis / 0.3488 / 0.1096 / 3.18 / + / + / -
58 / Phyllotis xanthopygus / 8.3342 / 0.8221 / 10.14 / + / + / +
59 / Pipra mentalis / 0.1550 / 0.1014 / 1.53 / + / + / -
60 / Pomatostomus temporalis / 1.6164 / 1.3165 / 1.23 / + / - / -
61 / Potamorrhaphis guianensis (South) / 2.9649 / 3.8713 / -1.31 / - / + / -
62 / Ptilonorhynchus violaceus / 0.8563 / 0.4505 / 1.90 / + / + / -
63 / Reithrodon auritus / 1.7106 / 1.2985 / 1.32 / + / - / +
64 / Reithrodontomys sumichrasti / 4.0683 / 3.4088 / 1.19 / + / + / -
65 / Sorex monticolus / 3.3132 / 2.9324 / 1.13 / + / - / +
66 / Sorex ornatus / 1.1060 / 3.4482 / -3.12 / - / - / -
67 / Sorex palustris / 1.6372 / 3.8292 / -2.34 / - / - / +
68 / Squalius cephalus / 5.6252 / 3.5749 / 1.57 / + / - / +
69 / Strix occidentalis / 0.4766 / 0.8899 / -1.87 / - / + / -
70 / Syncerus caffer (South) / 4.4574 / 4.6813 / -1.05 / - / + / -
71 / Thymallus arcticus / 2.0646 / 1.0382 / 1.99 / + / - / +
72 / Trichechus manatus / 2.8680 / 0.3810 / 7.53 / + / + / -
73 / Uria aalge / 0.8615 / 0.7880 / 1.09 / + / - / +
74 / Xenopus laevis / 6.2683 / 6.0781 / 1.03 / + / + / -
Table S3 Common names and references of phylogeographic studies for species used in this analysis.
1 / Abrothrix longipilis / Long-haired grass mouse / Lessa et al 2010
2 / Abrothrix olivaceus / Olive grass mouse / Smith et al 2001, Palma et al 2005, Lessa et al 2010
3 / Acanthochromis polyacanthus / Spiny damselfish / Bay et al 2006 [localities from Planes et al 2001]
4 / Agama atra / Southern rock agama / Matthee & Fleming 2002
5 / Akodon iniscatus / Intelligent grass mouse / Lessa et al 2010
6 / Alca torda / Razorbill / Moum & Arnason 2001
7 / Amazilia tzacatl / Rufous-tailed hummingbird / McGuire et al 2007, Miller 2010
8 / Ambystoma maculatum / Spotted salamander / Zamudio & Savage 2003
9 / Ammodramus savannarum / Grasshopper sparrow / Bulgin et al 2003
10 / Ammospermophilus leucurus / Antelope ground squirrel / Whorley et al 2004, Alvarez-Castaneda 2007
11 / Astyanax fasciatus / Blind cave fish / Strecker et al 2003, Strecker et al 2004
12 / Barbus barbus / Barbel / Kotlik & Berrebi 2001, Kotlik et al 2004
13 / Bufo marinus (North) / Marine toad / Mulcahy et al 2006
14 / Calidris alpina / Dunlin / Wenink et al 1993
15 / Calomys musculinus / Drylands vesper mouse / Salazar-Bravo et al 2001, Gonzalez-Ittig et al 2007, Lessa et al 2010
16 / Carollia brevicauda (South) / Silkly short-tailed bat / Hoffman & Baker 2003
17 / Carollia castanea (North) / Chestnut short-tailed bat / Hoffman & Baker 2003
18 / Carollia castanea (South) / Chestnut short-tailed bat / Hoffman & Baker 2003