The 2011 Pobal HP Deprivation Index
Area Profile for County Carlow
Feline Engling
Trutz Haase
February 2013
Table of Contents
1 Administrative Arrangements 1
2 Absolute and Relative Deprivation 1
3 Population 1
4 Demographic Characteristics 1
5 Education 2
6 Social Class Composition 2
7 Unemployment 3
8 Housing 3
9 How is the 2011 Pobal HP Deprivation Index constructed? 4
10 Interpretation of the 2011 Pobal HP Deprivation Index 6
11 Reading the Tables, Graphs and Maps 8
12 Substantive Findings 8
13 Publications 9
Key Profile for County Carlow
This County Profile draws out some observations from a vast amount of available data. It is kept deliberately short, such as to draw attention to the most important findings only. The Pobal HP Deprivation Index scores presented in this report are based on the analysis carried out at the level of Small Areas (SA), the new census geography developed jointly by the Ordnance Survey of Ireland (OSI) and the Central Statistics Office (CSO).
Please note that the new HP Deprivation Index replaces all previously published data, as all data are computed in a consistent manner for the 2006 and 2011 census waves. Also note that the HP Index scores that are constructed from the SA-level analysis cannot be compared with those derived from an ED-level analysis as presented in the previous Area Profiles.
1 Administrative Arrangements
There is a single Partnership company operating within County Carlow, covering the whole county. The County Childcare Committee area also covers the entire county.
2 Absolute and Relative Deprivation
· Overall, the South East Region is the second most disadvantaged region of Ireland, and Carlow is the fourth most disadvantaged local authority area within the region. Like any other part of the country, Carlow has massively been affected by the economic downturn after 2007, reflected in the drop in the absolute deprivation score from -2.8 in 2006 to -10.4 in 2011. This represents a drop of 7.6, compared to a nationwide drop of 6.5. This also implies that the relative position of Carlow has marginally worsened from the thirteenth to the eleventh most disadvantaged county in Ireland.
· As is the case in any county, there exist a degree of variation within County Carlow, but overall the county is not characterised by particular extremes either with regard to affluence or deprivation. Of the 54 EDs in County Carlow most (39) are marginally below average while 12 are marginally above average. The most affluent areas are the wider peripheries around its urban centres, Carlow Town and Tullow, but excluding the towns themselves and their immediate environs.
· At a local level, the most disadvantaged EDs are Graigue Urban (-12.7), Rathvilly (-10.8) and Hacketstown (-10.6). But these are the only three EDs which fall just about into the ‘disadvantaged’ category. All other EDs are, at the most, marginally below the national average.
· The most affluent EDs in County Carlow comprise Burton Hall (8.6) and Killerrig (6.5).
3 Population
· Ireland has experienced a population growth of 30.1% over the past 20 years and the South East Region has grown at a practically identical rate (29.9%). Carlow has grown at 33.4% over the same period. Even since the economic decline, Ireland’s population has continued to grow by 8.2% between 2006 and 2011. County Carlow’s population has grown by 8.5% over the past five years.
· The fastest growing EDs are Fennagh (42.6%) and Tullow Rural (37.1%), but no ED experienced a doubling of its population as has typically been the case for the fastest growing areas in other counties.
4 Demographic Characteristics
· While there has been a continuous decline in the age dependency rate (the proportion of population under 15 years of age or over 64 as part of the total population) throughout Ireland in the period between 1991 and 2006, from 38.1% (1991) to 31.4% (2006), the ratio has again increased to 33.0% in 2011. An even greater decline applied to County Carlow in the period between 1991 and 2006 (39.0% to 31.5%). In 2011 the age dependency rate for Carlow at 33.6% is close to the national average.
· Within Carlow, there exist the typical urban-rural differential, with Carlow Urban at 30.0% and age dependency rates exceeding 40% in four EDs, Kyle (42.5%), Ridge (40.7), Rathrush (40.3%) and Haroldstown (40.2%).
· The proportion of lone parents (as a proportion of all households with dependent children) in Ireland has exactly doubled over the past 20 years, growing from 10.7% in 1991 to 21.6% nationally in 2011. There are marked differences between urban and rural areas, and lone parent rates in the major cities are again up to twice the national average (e.g. Limerick City 37.5%). County Carlow had a rate of 21.1% in 2011; i.e. nearly identical to the national average. Reflecting the urban-rural dichotomy within the county, Carlow Urban/Rural (36.0%), Graigue Urban (30.6%) and Hacketstown (30.5%) have all rates which are high by national comparison. In contrast, there are 5 EDs, all of which are rural, where the rate is under 10 per cent.
5 Education
· There has been a continuous improvement in the level of education amongst the adult population over the past 20 years throughout Ireland. In 1991, 36.7% of the adult population had primary education only. This dropped to half that level (18.9%) in 2006 and even further to 16.0% in 2011. Between 2006 and 2011 the adult population with primary education only decreased by 2.9 percentage points. The rate for County Carlow has fallen from 38.1% in 1991, to 20.1% in 2006, and 17.4% in 2011.
· Despite the considerable improvement at county level, there remain several rural EDs where still considerable parts of the adult population have primary education only. These are Coonogue (34.8%), Ballymurphy (26.4%) and Graigue Rural (26.4%).
· The reverse applies with regard to third level education, which has more than doubled over the past 20 years. In 1991, 13.0% of the national adult population had completed third level education. This grew to 30.5% in 2006, but increased by only another 0.1 percentage point to 30.6% in 2011. The proportion of Carlow’s population with third level education has grown from 9.3% in 1991, to 24.3% in 2006 and has stayed at that level in 2011. This 20-year growth is slightly below that which has occurred nationally (15.0 percentage points compared to 17.6 percentage points nationally).
· At ED level, and again mirroring the situation with regard to the higher incidences of low levels of education, there are particularly low shares of population with third level education in Graigue Urban (14.6%), Hacketstown (15.3%), Muinebeag (Bagenalstown) Urban (16.0%), Tullow Urban (16.4%) and Rathvilly (16.6%), but none falling below the 10 per cent level.
6 Social Class Composition
· The changes in social class composition experienced throughout Ireland over the past 20 years largely parallel those in educational achievement, with a gradual increase in the number of professionals and an even greater decline in the proportion of semi- and unskilled manual workers. At the national level, the proportion of professionals in all classes rose from 25.2% in 1991 to 34.6% in 2011, whilst the proportion of the semi- and unskilled classes declined from 28.2% to 17.5% over the same period.
· In Carlow, the proportion in the professional classes (29.4%) and the proportion in the lower skilled professions (20.4%) mark a class composition below the national average. Differences in the social class composition within the county reflect those of educational attainment, with Burton Hall having the highest composition (48.8% professionals, 10.3% semi- and unskilled manual classes), and Tullow Urban having the lowest (15.2% professionals, 33.6% manual classes).
7 Unemployment
· Of all the census indicators used in the development of the HP Deprivation Index, the economic downturn after 2007 has most strongly affected the unemployment rates. Unemployment rates have broadly halved over the 15-year period from 1991 to 2006 and subsequently risen by 2011 to levels surpassing the 1991 levels. The following paragraphs therefore pay particular attention to the change in trends that relate to the 1991 to 2006 period and the five-year period of 2006 to 2011 thereafter.
· Nationally, the male unemployment rate fell from 18.4% in 1991 to 8.8% in 2006 and then rose to 22.3% in 2011. The female unemployment rate fell from 14.1% in 1991 to 8.1% in 2006. In 2011 it had again nearly doubled, accounting for 15.0%.
· Female unemployment rates have tended to be slightly below male unemployment rates, but did not fall at the same pace during the time of the economic boom due to the increasing female labour force participation (i.e. reflecting the trend of increased female participation in the labour force with more women registering their unemployed status). The increase in the unemployment rates since the 2006 Census has been much more pronounced with regard to male unemployment, which rose by a factor of 2.5 compared to just under 2 for female unemployment.
· During the growth period, unemployment rates for County Carlow have fallen at broadly similar levels to the nationally prevailing ones between 1991 and 2006. Male unemployment fell from 20.1% in 1991 to 9.1% in 2006, a drop of 11.0 percentage points (compared to 9.6 percentage points nationally). Female unemployment declined from 14.6% to 9.6%, a drop of 5.0 percentage points (compared to 6.0 percentage points nationally).
· Over the past five years, male unemployment in Carlow experienced a threefold increase, reaching 26.5% in 2011. This compared to a national male unemployment rate of 22.3% in 2011 or a two-and-a-half fold increase since 2006. Correspondingly, the female unemployment rate doubled between 2006 and 2011, reaching 19.0%.
· Unemployment rates in individual EDs reach levels well above those prevailing county wide, and are highest in Carlow Urban/Rural (40.1% male, 29.0% female), followed by Graigue Urban (37.3% male, 29.7% female), Hacketstown (34.9% male, 27.4% female), Rathvilly (38.6% male, 22.5% female) and Tullowbeg (31.3% male, 25.6% female).
8 Housing
· There has been a 1.9 percentage point decrease in the proportion of local authority housing in Ireland over the past 20 years, from 9.8% in 1991 to 7.9% in 2011. The proportion in the South East Region has declined by 1.1 percentage points, from 10.2% to 9.1%. However, Carlow has seen a marginal increase in the proportion of local authority housing, albeit from a lower base (8.5% to 8.9%).
· At ED level, the highest concentrations of local authority housing are found in Muinebeag (Bagenalstown) Urban (18.0%), Tullow Urban (17.5%) and Carlow Urban/Rural (15.7%), but these are still low levels compared to other towns and cities.
Key Features of the Pobal HP Deprivation Index
This section provides a brief summary of the 2011 Pobal Haase-Pratschke Deprivation Index for Small Areas (HP Deprivation Index hereafter), drawing on recent data from the 2011 Census of Population. Building on the innovative and powerful approach to the construction of deprivation indices developed in our previous research (Haase and Pratschke, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011), the 2011 Pobal HP Deprivation Index provides an up-to-date analysis of the changes in deprivation that have occurred in each local area over the past five years[1].
The HP Deprivation Index presented in this report is based on Small Areas (SA), the new census geography developed jointly by the Ordnance Survey of Ireland (OSI) and the Central Statistics Office (CSO) for the publication of the Small Area Population Statistics (SAPS) from the 2011 Census of Population.
Until recently, the smallest spatial units for which consistent SAPS data were available were the Electoral Divisions (EDs). However, EDs do not provide a homogeneous coverage of the spatial distribution of the Irish population, as they range from as low as 76 individuals in some rural areas to over 32,000 in Blanchardstown-Blakestown. This unevenness in population generates considerable difficulties when mapping social and economic data. The new SAs for Ireland follow analogous revisions to the census geography in the UK and Northern Ireland and are much more homogeneous, with a minimum of 50 households and a mean of just under 100 households.
Please note that the new HP Deprivation Index replaces all previously published data, as all data are computed in a consistent manner for the 2006 and 2011 census waves. Also note that index scores that are constructed from the SA level analysis cannot be compared with those derived from an ED level analysis.
9 How is the 2011 Pobal HP Deprivation Index constructed?
Most deprivation indices are based on a factor analytical approach which reduces a larger number of indicator variables to a smaller number of underlying dimensions or factors. This approach is taken a step further in the Pobal HP Deprivation Index developed by Haase and Pratschke: rather than allowing the definition of the underlying dimensions of deprivation to be determined by data-driven techniques, the authors develop a prior conceptualisation of these dimensions. Based on earlier deprivation indices for Ireland, as well as analyses from other countries, three dimensions of affluence/disadvantage are identified: Demographic Profile, Social Class Composition and Labour Market Situation.
Demographic Profile is first and foremost a measure of rural affluence/deprivation. Whilst long-term adverse labour market conditions tend to manifest themselves in urban areas in the form of unemployment blackspots, in rural areas, by contrast, the result is typically agricultural underemployment and/or emigration. Emigration from deprived rural areas is also, and increasingly, the result of a mismatch between education and skill levels, on the one hand, and available job opportunities, on the other. Emigration is socially selective, being concentrated amongst core working-age cohorts and those with further education, leaving the communities concerned with a disproportionate concentration of economically-dependent individuals as well as those with lower levels of education. Sustained emigration leads to an erosion of the local labour force, a decreased attractiveness for commercial and industrial investment and, ultimately, a decline in the availability of services.