1 - Employment and Income Patterns of Seasonal Migratory
Agricultural Labourers of Beed District at Sugar Factories
in Maharashtra
A– General Particulars
a) Author Sh. Khengare Vishvanath Bajaba,
P.G. Student, Deptt. of Agricultural Economics,
Marathwada Agricultural University (MAU),
Parbhani - 431 402
b) Supervisor Dr. K. D. Phuke,
Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics,
Marathwada Agricultural University (MAU),
Parbhani - 431 402
c) Commencement September, 1999
d) Completion June, 2000
e) Publisher Unpublished
MSS available with Supervisor
B –Technical details and Findings
f) Universe Agricultural Labourers working in two Sugar
factories in Beed district
g) Sample Random sampling method was adopted for seasonal migratory agricultural labourers at two Sugar factories viz., Kada Coop. Sugar Factory and Mula Coop. Sugar Factory in Beed district. Migratory Labourers were divided in three categories viz.,
i) Direct Centre Labour, ii) Godi Centre Labour and
iii) Head Centre Labour. A sample of 25 workers was selected from each of these categories. The total sample size was 150.
h) Methodology The data were collected by face to face interview method in the structured schedules. The total sampled workers were categorised on the basis of their operational holdings as landless, marginal and small farmers. These information were analysed using regression technique for employment, income and consumption function.
i) Objectives The main objective is to study the socio-economic conditions of seasonal migratory agricultural labour and their causes of migration.
j) Findings Sample household members were in the age group of 26 to 40 years and majority of them belonged to Maratha caste, followed by Bandha.
About one fourth of them were literate. On an average 53 to 67% family members migrated seasonally and were landless and small dryland holders. The main cause of migration was lack of employment in the local places and debt. They got employment of about 150 to 155 days and their main source of income was wages. More than 50% income was spent by them on food. Labourers faced the problems like residence, health, education of children and no continuous work as well as high rate of interest for taking loan.
2 - A Study on Employment and Income Potentials of Rural
Industries in Tamil Nadu
A - General Particulars
a) Author Dr. M. Soundarapandian,
Reader, Deptt. of Rural Industries and Management,
Gandhigram Rural Institute, Deemed University,
Gandhigram - 624 302
b) Supervisor -
c) Sponsored by University Grants Commission, New Delhi
d) Commencement January, 1999
e) Completion December, 2000
f) Publisher Unpublished,
MSS available with Dr. M.Soundarapandian
B- Technical details and Findings
g) Universe The universe for this study comprised rural service enterprises such as bicycle repairing, agricultural implements servicing, tailoring, tyre cart operation for local transport etc. in Tamil Nadu. Dindigul district was purposively selected for the study.
h) Sample Ten enterpreneurs in each of the following industries were selected:
1. Mineral Based Industry–Lime Stone, Stone Crushing, Bricks.
2. Forest Based Industry–Agarbathi, Bamboo, Book binding
3. Agro based and Food based–Cereals processing, Fruits & Vegetables, Rice milling coir.
4. Polymer and Chemical based industry- Soap, Candle, Shampoo, Hair Oils.
5. Engineering & Non conventional Energy –Store pin, Assembly of Umbrella, Bicycles.
6. Textile Industry–Embroidery, Tailoring, Handloom, Powerloom
7. Service Industry-Laundry, Barber, Sound system.
i) Methodology For this study stratified sampling technique was utilised. Ten entrepreneurs in each category were selected in the rural industries of Dindigul District, covering four blocks viz., Attur, Balalagundu, Dindigul and Nilakottai. In these four blocks seventy sample entrepreneurs were interviewed with a pretested questionnaire.
j) Objectives The main objectives of the study were :
i) To analyse the income contribution of the rural industries to rural households.
ii) To examine the availability and utilisation of local raw materials and skills and the market potential for the rural small industries.
iii) To study the problems faced by the rural entrepreneurs and suggest remedies.
k) Findings i) The sampled entrepreneurs are purchasing raw materials mainly from private traders.
ii) The major share of capital was borrowed from formal institutions.
iii) The highest level of employment was provided by the mineral based industries.
iv) The share of profit was higher in the case of Textile industries, Service industries & Polymer Chemical based industries.
v) It is suggested that in order to market the products of rural entrepreneurs a Common Complex in every block or at least in every district should be established by the Govt. of Tamil Nadu. Such solutions to the marketing problems of rural industries would generate the large amount of income & employment potential in the rural areas.
3 – A Study on Management Models for Self Employment for
Rural Unemployed in Small and Cottage Industries
A - General Particulars
a) Author Dr. M. Soundarapandian,
Reader, Deptt. of Rural Industries and Management,
Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed University),
Gandhigram
b) Sponsored by Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi
c) Commencement October, 1999
d) Completion March, 2001
e) Publisher Mohit Publications, 4675/21, Ansari Road,
Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002
Pages - 160, Price Rs.350/-
B- Technical details and Findings
f) Universe Small and Cottage Industry units in Madurai and Dindigul Distt. of Tamil Nadu
g) Sample A sample of 70 self employed entrepreneurs from each of the management system viz., i) Independent Enterprise (under IRDP) ii) Cooperatives –Handloom Coop. Society iii) Federations (KVIC) iv) Contract job individual weavers was selected using simple random sampling method. Thus a total of 280 respondents were the sample size.
h) Methodology A pretested questionnaire was used for collection of data. Primary data was collected by personal contact.
i) Objectives i) To compare the various management systems promoting self employment for rural unemployed in unorganised sectors.
ii) To review the problems faced in implementing the four broad system programmes for self- employment.
iii) To study the problem of migration to urban sectors.
j) Findings i) The study has indicated that the federated enterprises played poor role in the production activities.
ii) Contract Job Model has shown average rank in annual production.
iii) Independent enterprise and cooperative model has shown higher sales values.
iv) Nearly 70 percent of the total labour was hired and 30 percent was the family labour engaged in the four model sample.
v) Full time employment should be generated in the organised sector.
vi) Government should introduce processing units in the villages to provide employment to labour in farm sector. This will reduce the migration of labour to urban sectors.
4 - Report on Task Force on Employment Opportunities
A - General Particulars
a) Author / 1. Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia,Presently Deputy Chairman,
Planning Commission
2. Shri Shailendra Sharma,
Adviser (LEM), Planning Commission
3. Smt. Padmaja Mehta,
Director (LEM), Planning Commission
4. Shri Nilambuj Sharan,
Sr. Research Officer (LEM),
Planning Commission
5. Shri Raj Kumar, Sr. Research Officer (LEM), Planning Commission
b) Supervisor / Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia
c) Commencement / January, 1999
d) Completion / July, 2001
e) Publisher / Planning Commission,
Unpriced publication running into 178 pages
B- Technical details and Findings
f) Objectives / (a) To analyse:
i) the causes for concern in the field of employment and
ii) the inadequacy of employment opportunities in the face of a rapidly rising labour force.
(b) To project the growth of labour force seeking employment over the next ten years and to compare these projections with the likely growth in work opportunities both at the current rate as well as at a higher rate of GDP growth, with the ultimate aim to solve the problem of unemployment.
g) Methodology / The task force examined the fiscal reforms that need to be undertaken by the government so as to provide a stable macro-economic environment for growth and to refocus govt. resources on activities that should be undertaken by it. It also examined the role of education and training in economic growth with a view to explore the reforms needed in these fields. Effect of IT expansion on availability of new type of work opportunities as well as the ways of making suitable manpower available to harness these work opportunities were examined.
Policy frame work in some of the important sectors of the economy and the changes needed for creating a favourable environment for generation of more employment were analysed sector by sector.
The importance of promotion of non-cereal crops and the effect of improved rural infrastructure were studied and the steps to be taken in these fields were recommended.
h) Findings / i) In the backdrop of diminishing work opportunities in the Public Sector, the task force has pointed out towards the newly emerging enormous work opportunities available in the fields of direct selling, e-commerce and self-employment avenues.
ii) It has also recommended the sectors like IT and tourism for employment generation.
iii) The education and training for labour force has been recommended.
iv) Macro-economic reforms have been suggested to take the growth of the economy at a higher level, which would solve the problem of unemployment.
v) It has further recommended the forward integration of agricultural crop production with the entire food processing chain, the synchronisation of various activities with this chain and the infrastructure facility for storage and transportation.
vi) It has suggested the policy reforms and other changes that are urgently needed to take care of the outdated laws/policies and consequent spawning up of undesirable practices in one of the most labour intensive sectors, viz., the real estate sector.
5 - Report of Special Group on Employment Opportunities
A - General Particulars
a) Author / 1. Dr. S.P.Gupta,the then Member of Planning Commission
2. Shri Shailendra Sharma, Adviser (LEM),
Planning Commission
3. Smt. Padmaja Mehta, Director (LEM),
Planning Commission
4. Shri Raj Kumar, Sr. Research Officer (LEM),
Planning Commission
b) Supervisor / Dr. S.P.Gupta,
the then Member of Planning Commission
c) Commencement / September, 2001
d) Completion / May, 2002
e) Publisher / Planning Commission,
Unpriced Publication running into 167 pages
B- Technical details and Findings
f) Universe/Scope/Objective of the
Study / Analysis of unemployment situation in the country and to suggest remedial measures to tackle the same.
g) Methodology / Current Daily Status basis data on employment and unemployment has been used by the study group in the preparation of this report.
h) Findings/Suggestions / i) Employment generating capacity of output growth has reduced in recent years and, therefore, a much higher growth rate of GDP (8 percent) is needed for the future to reduce unemployment. This has to be supported by positive policies and programmes for changing the sectoral pattern of GDP in favour of employment intensive sectors and by promoting labour intensive production techniques.
ii) With suitable programmes and policy changes, the eight percent growth rate in GDP can generate additional 19.32 million person years of employment opportunities over the Tenth Plan period, thus giving a total of 50 million person years of employment opportunities over this period. Out of this 20 million person years of employment opportunities will be created by selective innovative programmes and policies and the remaining 30 million will come from the normal buoyancy of growth as perceived over the recent past (1993-94 to 1999-2000). This can bring the percentage of unemployed persons down from 9.21 percent to 5.11 percent by the end of Tenth Plan and such percentage will be negligible by the end of Eleventh Plan.
iii) The report has highlighted the Agriculture & Allied Activities, Food Processing, Rural Non-Farm Sector including Khadi and Village Industries, Small & Medium Enterprises, Health, Education, Information Technology & Communication, Tourism, Housing and Real Estate, Construction, Trade and Transport, etc. as the sectors/sub-sectors where employment generation is possible with right kind of sectoral policies.
6 - Income, Employment and Expenditure Pattern of Farm
and Non-Farm Families in Irrigated and Rainfed Areas of
Western Maharashtra
A -General Particulars
a) Author / 1. Shri C.B.Shinde, Sr. Res. Asstt.2. Shri P.V.Kale, Jr. Res. Asstt.
3. Dr.S.S.Bhosale. Jr. Res.Asstt.
4. Shri P.N.Shendage. Asstt. Prof. and
5. Shri Y.R.Pawar, Jr. Res. Asstt.
(all working in the Deptt. of Agricultural
Economics, MPKV, Rahuri)
b) Supervisor / 1. Dr. D.V.Kasar. Head, Deptt. of Agricultural Economics, MPKV, Rahuri
2. Prof. B.K.Mali, A.R.O., Deptt. of Agricultural Economics, MPKV, Rahuri
c) Sponsored by / Research Review Committee in Agricultural Economics and Statistics of the Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Distt. Ahmednagar (Maharashtra)
d) Commencement / June, 1999
e) Completion / April, 2002
f) Publisher / Unpublished
MSS available with M.P.K.V., Rahuri
B- Technical details and Findings
g) Universe / Farm and non-farm families in rural Western Maharashtra, which comprises of 10 districts having 101 tehsils.
h) Sample / Out of 101 tehsils in 10 districts of Western Maharashtra, 8 tehsils each of the irrigated and non-irrigated categories were randomly selected. One village from each of these selected tehsils was then selected randomly for conducting the study.
i) Methodology / All the 101 tehsils were arranged in descending order according to percentage of irrigated area in the net cultivable area. The tehsils having more than 20 percent of the net cultivable area as irrigated were considered as irrigated tehsils and the remaining as non-irrigated/rainfed ones. Eight tehsils were randomly selected from each of these two categories. At the next stage one village from each of the selected tehsils was selected randomly. From each selected village, 30 households representing small farmers, medium farmers, large farmers, landless agricultural labour and village artisans were sampled for collecting information through specially designed schedules. Data was analysed by simple tabular method.
j) Objectives / To study Income, Employment and Expenditure pattern of Farm and Non-Farm families in Irrigated and Rainfed Areas of Western Maharashtra.
k) Findings / i) The study shows that on an average a male worker was employed for 210 days and 215 days in the case of farm families and 269 and 239 days in non farm families in the irrigated and rainfed areas respectively. The female worker was however employed for 136 and 152 days in case of farm families and 196 and 180 days in the non-farm families respectively in the irrigated and rainfed areas.
ii) The average annual gross family income per farm family was Rs. 1,80,548 in irrigated and Rs. 92,244 in rainfed areas whereas non-farm families in irrigated and rainfed areas earned Rs. 44,860 and Rs. 27,907 respectively.
iii) Sixty five to 71 percent share of total income was from crop production in case of farm families of both the areas. As regards the share of wage earnings and/or business earnings in total income of non-farm families, it worked out to be in the range of 37 to 46 percent in case of irrigated areas and in the range of 42 to 45 percent in the rainfed areas.
iv) In case of farm families the average total family expenditure per annum was Rs. 1,06,390 and Rs. 59,145 respectively in irrigated and rainfed areas while non-farm families in irrigated and rainfed areas spent Rs.28,561 and Rs. 19,195 respectively per annum.
v) It was observed that, except the medium and large size farm families in irrigated area, the average per capita income in case of farm as well as non-farm families in both the cases was below the average State per capita income (at current prices) which was Rs.23,726 during the year 2000-2001.
vi) Number of family workers and live stock units had significant influence on annual employment of all the sample households. Other factors, like, gross cropped area and working expenditure on crop and livestock had significant influence on employment in case of farm families in irrigated area only.
7 - Employment, Income and Expenditure Pattern of Rural Weaker