Citation Guide for History Papers
Eastern Illinois University, History Department
Part I--Notes
1999, 2006, 2011
Newton Key, Melissa Greco, and Jon Burkhardt
Citation/referencing and bibliographic styles (MLA, APA, Chicago) differ. The History Department at Eastern Illinois recommends using the one most common in history monographs and journals: that abbreviated from The Chicago Manual of Style, known as Turabian style. This citation guide conforms to both The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. (2010) and to the latest edition of Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, which was revised after her death.(1) While many social sciences have gone to parenthetical references (shortened references in parentheses within the text), history still relies mainly on footnotes or endnotes.(2) Journals which use notes invariably modify Turabian style slightly; and what follows does so too, but only by eliminating the publisher from the note (retaining it in the bibliography). [Note this is given in Courier only to help you see the spacing, as Courier has fixed spacing.]
This paragraph gives examples of the most common references to printed works. Books by a single author (14.75) or by two (14.76) or more have long followed the same format, though note that p. and pp. have been discarded.(3)Articles may be by one author in a work by another (14.112) or a journal article (14.175).(4) (Note that page numbers precede the place of publication in the bibliographic form for the former [see Bibliography], while page numbers follow the date and a colon for the latter.) Articles in newspapers may have no author given (14.207).(5) And you may need to cite a secondary source of quotation (14.273). For example, "I sought for merit wherever it was to be found.”."(6) And well-known encyclopedias or reference books (14.247) are not listed in bibliographies, and only the edition is specified in the note. Lesser-known encyclopedias and dictionaries, however, should include publication information as shown, and are included in bibliographies (14.27). (7) For other special types of printed work refer to A Manual for Writers. Finally, you should shorten the second reference to a work already cited (14.25). The method I use (14.25) includes the author’s last name, shortened title, (if needed, volume,) and page number.(8)
You might also want to refer to material drawn from the World Wide Web.(9) For example, you might want to use the e-text of Moll Flanders from the Gutenberg project, which is part of the Universal Library at Carnegie Mellon University.
Notes
1. Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010); Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th ed., rev. Wayne C. Booth, et. al(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
2. While I use footnotes here, most professors consider them interchangeable with endnotes. (Pick one or the other and stick with it.) Parenthetical references are compared with note references in Turabian, A Manual for Writers, ch. 15. The defense for such a vestigial usage is both practical and, of course, historical. Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).3. Jerry Brotton, Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 49-50; Robert Bucholz and Newton Key, Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Wiley-Blackell, 2009), 59-60.
4.John Darwin, “Foundations of Empire, 1763-83,” in The British Empire: Themes and Perspectives, ed. Sarah Stockwell (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008), 21; Barbara Fuchs, “Faithless Empires: Pirates, Renegadoes, and the English Nation,” ELH 67 (Spring 2000): 45.
5. The London Gazette, 14-17 July 1716.
6. [William Pitt the Elder], Basil Williams, The Life of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1913), 1:294, quoted in Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992), 103.7. John P. Wright, “Reason,” in A Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century World History, ed. Jeremy Black and Roy Porter (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994), 50.[For an alphabetically organized work, like the Oxford English Dictionary or the Dictionary of National Biography, it is usually sufficient to reference the entry, say, "William Shakespeare,” preceded by “s.v.” (short for sub verbo, which means “under the word”) and not the page numbers.]
8. Thus, the subsequent reference to the sources in footnote 3 above would be Brotton,, 49-50 [or, if you have more than oneBrotton,then Brotton, Trading Territories,49-50]; and Bucholz andKey, 59-60 [or if you have more than one Bucholz and Key, Bucholz and Key, Early Modern England, 59-60].
9. Sharon Howard, “Sarah Gale,” London Lives, last modified September 2010,
Citation Guide for History Papers
Eastern Illinois University, History Department
Part II--Bibliography
1998--2011
Newton Key, Melissa Greco, and Jon Burkhardt
SOURCES USED (from examples in citation guide--notes)
Brotton, Jerry. Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. Loades, David M. Elizabeth I. London: Hambledon and London, 2003.
Bucholz, Robert and Newton Key. Early Modern England 1485-1714: A Narrative History. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
Darwin, John. “Foundations of Empire, 1763-83.” In The British Empire: Themes and Perspectives, edited by Sarah Stockwell, 21-38. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008.
Fuchs, Barbara. “Faithless Empires: Pirates, Renegadoes, and the English Nation.” ELH 67 (Spring 2000): 45-69.
Grafton, Anthony. The Footnote: A Curious History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Howard, Sharon. “Sarah Gale.” London Lives. Last modified September 2010.
The London Gazette.July 1716.
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th ed. Rev. by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams and the University of Chicago Press Editorial Staff. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
Williams, Basil. The Life of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. Vol. 1. London:Longmans, Green, and Co., 1913, 294. Quoted in Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
Wright, John P. “Reason.” In A Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century World History, edited by Jeremy Black and Roy Porter, 50-52. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994.