SS9 Second Semester Exam Review Name ______
There will be questions regarding types of Radiation on the Exam.
q Alpha particles
· Made up of two protons and two neutrons
· Least penetrating form of ionizing radiation
· Reduces mass number of atom by four
· Reduces atomic number of atom by two
q Beta particles
· Made up of an electron
· Produced when a neutron in the nucleus breaks down into a proton and electron
· Increases atomic number by one
· Does not change mass number
q Gamma rays
· Most penetrating form of ionizing radiation
· Electromagnetic waves; not particles
· Does not change atomic number
· Does not change mass number
q Half-life
· The amount of time it takes for half of a sample of unstable nuclei to give off radiation and become another element
q Practice:
1. Write the equation when Bismuth- 214 undergoes alpha decay?
2. Write the equation when Lead-210 undergoes beta decay?
3. Lead-210 has a half-life of 20 years. How much of a 100 gram sample remains after 60 years?
4. Iodine-123 has a half-life of 13.1 hours. (record your answers in the chart)
a) How much of 160 grams of Iodine-123 is left unchanged after five half-lives?
b) How much of the 160 grams has decayed into another element after five half-lives?
c) How much total time has passed in five half-lives of Iodine-123?
4. / Total time / Number ofhalf-lives / Unchanged material / Decayed
material
0
1/2 / 1/2
1/4 / 3/4
1/8 / 7/8
1/16 / 15/16
1/32 / 31/32
Covalent bonding
A. chemical bonding between nonmetals
B. electrons are shared
1. single covalent bond- one pair of shared electrons
2. double covalent bond- two pair of shared electrons
3. triple covalent bond- three pair of shared electrons
C. attraction of nuclei to the shared electrons keeps the atoms close to each other
D. molecules are formed
Write the prefixes 1-10 for naming covalent bonding:
1= 6=
2= 7=
3= 8=
4= 9=
5= 10=
Draw the covalent bond between the following using Lewis Dots and Structural Formulas. Also state how many electron pairs each bond shares.
a. Hydrogen and Hydrogen b. 2 Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen
c. Chlorine and Chlorine d. 3 Hydrogen and 1 Phosphorus
e. Carbon and 2 Oxygen f. Carbon and 4 Hydrogen
Name the following compounds:
1. CO2 3. SiO2
2. CH4 4. NH3
Velocity and acceleration
q Velocity (speed + direction)
· Distance = velocity
Time
q Acceleration
· Final velocity – initial velocity = acceleration
Total Time
Practice:
1. What is the velocity of an object that travels a distance of 150 meters in 30 seconds?
2. What is the acceleration of an object that goes from 150 km/hr to 200 km/hr in 5 seconds?
3. What is the acceleration of an object that goes from 200 km/hr to 175 km/hr in 5 minutes?
4. An Olympic swimmer swims 50.0 meters in 23.1 seconds. What is his average speed?
5. A plane’s average speed between 2 cities is 600 km/hr. If the trip takes 2.5 hours, how far does the plane fly?
6. A ball rolls down a ramp, starting from rest. After 2 seconds, its velocity is 10 meters/second. What is the acceleration of the ball?
7. A car traveling at 10 m/s starts to decelerate steadily. It comes to a complete stop in 20 seconds. What is its acceleration?
8. An airplane travels down a runway for 4.0 seconds with an acceleration of 9.0 m/s2. What is its change in velocity during this time?
Energy
q Potential energy
· PE = mgh
· m = mass of the object (in kilograms)
· g = force of gravity
· g = 9.8 newtons/1 kilogram
· h = height of object (in meters)
· measured in joules
q Kinetic energy
· KE = ½ mv2
· m = mass of object (in kilograms)
· v = velocity of object (in meters per second)
· measured in joules
q Practice problems
1. A 100 kg object is lifted a distance of 10 meters. How much potential energy has the object gained?
2. A 100 kg object is moving at a velocity of 10 m/sec. How much kinetic energy does it
have?
For the following diagram, a 10 kg ball is being dropped from the height of 15 meters. At the height of 15 meters, the ball is at rest waiting to fall. Calculate the potential and kinetic energies at each height indicated in the diagram.
Momentum
q Momentum = mass X velocity
q Practice problems
1. The two objects shown below collide and stick together. Which direction will they be traveling after the collision?
2. The two objects shown below collide and come to a stop. What is the mass of Object B?
Electromagnetic waves
q Refraction
o Bending of light
o Caused as light changes speed passing from one type of material to another
o More pronounced when light hits surface of material at an angle other than 90°
o Convex lens
§ Acts as two prisms set base to base
§ Bends light to focal point
§ Images seen can be magnified or upside down
o Concave lens
§ Acts as two prisms set point to point
§ Bends light away from center
§ Images seen appear smaller
q Reflection
o Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
o Concave mirror
§ Curves inward
§ Bend light to focal point
§ Images appear magnified or upside down
o Convex mirror
§ Curves outward
§ Light bent away from center
§ Images appear smaller
q Practice questions
12. What type of device is being shown here to the left?
a) concave lens
b) concave mirror
c) convex lens
d) convex mirror
13. The image seen with this device (question 12) would be:
a) life-size
b) magnified
c) smaller
d) upside down
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14. What type of device is being shown here to the left?
a) concave lens
b) concave mirror
c) convex lens
d) convex mirror
15. The image seen with this device would be:
a) life-size
b) magnified
c) smaller
d) upside down
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16. What type of device is being shown here to the left?
a) concave lens
b) concave mirror
c) convex lens
d) convex mirror
17. The image seen with this device would be:
a) life-size
b) magnified
c) smaller
d) upside down
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18. What type of device is being shown here to the left?
a) concave lens
b) concave mirror
c) convex lens
d) convex mirror
19. The image seen with this device would be:
a) life-size
b) magnified
c) smaller
d) upside down
Given the equation: Speed= Wavelength X Frequency calculate the following:
1. What is the speed of a wave that has a frequency of 4.0 Hz and .50 m. Give the answers in meters/second
2. Wavelength: 3 m, Frequency: 1.5 Hz
3. A wave on a rope has a frequency of 3.3 Hz and a wavelength of 1.2 meters. What is the speed of the wave?
4. What is the wavelength of an earthquake wave if it has a speed of 5 km/s and a frequency of 10 Hz?
5. A wave on a rope has a wavelength of 2.0 m and a frequency of 2.0 Hz. What is the speed of the wave?
Electromagnetic and waves
q Electromagnetic Spectrum
o Does not require a medium to travel
o Longer wavelength = lower frequency and energy
o Shorter wavelength = higher frequency and energy
q Mechanical Waves
o Travel through a medium (solid, liquid, gas)
o Transverse
§ The medium vibrates perpendicular to the direction of the wave
o Longitudinal
§ The medium vibrates parallel to the direction of the wave
q Practice questions
Electricity
Circuit A / Circuit B / Circuit CCircuit D / Circuit E / Circuit F
1. List the parallel circuit(s).
2. List the series circuit(s).
3. Rank the circuits by bulb brightness, from brightest bulbs to dimmest bulbs. Use equal
signs if needed.
The Universe
1. What is the sun’s energy produced by? ______
2. In the next few billion years, what will happen to the amount of hydrogen in the sun?
______
3. In the next few billion years, what will happen to the amount of helium in the sun?
______
4. What is the approximate temperature of our sun?
5. Is the surface temperature of a red giant hotter or colder than a blue giant?
6. What is the color of the stars with the lowest surface temperature?
7. Most of the stars on the HR diagram are considered?
8. What type of star has low temperature low luminosity?
9. What type of star has low temperature high luminosity?
10. List the color of the stars from coolest to hottest.
11. Fill in the chart below:
Letter / Temperature / Luminosity / Color Color / Type of Star StarA / 6,000K / 10-1
B / 20,000K / 106
C / 20,000K / 10-2
D / 2,500K / 106
E / 4000K / 102
Fission & Fusion
1. What type of elements are more likely to undergo fusion? Why?
2. What type of elements are more likely to undergo fission? Why?
3. How do stars burn: fission or fusion?
10% of this exam will be material from the first semester
1. What are the atomic mass units for protons, neutrons, and electrons?
2. What is the atomic number?
3. What is the mass number?
4. What particles are in equal numbers in a neutral atom?
5. How is the number of protons determined?
6. How is the number of neutrons determined?
7. What subatomic particles are located in the nucleus?
8. How many electrons can be found in the first energy level of an atom?
9. How many electrons can be found in the second energy level of an atom?
10. What is the electron arrangement for a neutral atom? How many are found in each shell?
Complete the following diagrams and fill in the charts for each element. Use the periodic table as a reference.
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11. How are isotopes different from other forms of the same element?
Periodic Table: Tell what column /row each will be in
12. Which elements have one valence electron?
13. Which elements have two valence electrons?
14. Which elements have three valence electrons?
15. Which elements have four valence electrons?
16. Which elements have five valence electrons?
17. Which elements have six valence electrons?
18. Which elements have seven valence electrons?
19. Which elements have eight valence electrons?
20. Which elements are alkali metals?
21. Which elements are alkaline earth metals?
22. Which elements are halogens?
23. Which elements are noble gases?
Identifying elements by period
24. Which elements have one electron shell?
25. Which elements have two electron shells?
26. Which elements have three electron shells?
27. Which elements have four electron shells?
28. Which elements have five electron shells?
29. Which elements have six electron shells?
31. Which elements have seven electron shells?
32. Which elements are metals?
33. Which elements are nonmetals?
34. Which elements are metalloids?
35. Which elements are transition metals?
*****This is a lot of information…Make sure you complete this review and study!!!!!!!***** :)
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