RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
ANNEXURE II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR
DISSERTATION
1 / NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRESS (IN BLOCK LETTERS) / MS. NAMRATHA. N,I YEAR M.Sc. NURSING,
S.C.S. COLLEGE OF NURSING SCIENCES,
K.E.C.T. TOWERS, ASHOKNAGAR,
MANGALORE.
2 / NAME OF THE INSTITUTION / S.C.S.COLLEGE OF NURSING SCIENCES, MANGALORE.
3. / COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT / M.Sc. NURSING
PAEDIATRIC NURSING.
4. / DATE OF ADMISSION / 09.06.2007
5. / TITLE OF THE TOPIC:
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN REGARDING FIRST-AID FOR COMMON ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES IN A SELECTED SCHOOL AT MANGALORE.”
6
7 / INTRODUCTION:
In the past two decades, India has witnessed rapid urbanization, motorization, industrialization and migration of people resulting from socio economic growth and development. With mechanization and revolution in technology, traditional ways of living and working are being altered. Injuries have become one of the major public health problems in India1.
Estimating the burden of injuries is crucial for understanding the magnitude of the problem. Review of Indian studies indicates the ratio of deaths to serious injuries needing hospitalization to minor injuries as 1:20:50. In Bangalore this ratio was 1:18:50. It is estimated that injuries will contribute to nearly 850,000 deaths during the year 2005, and nearly 17,000,000 persons would be hospitalized. If no systematic efforts are introduced and implemented, the number of deaths due to injuries is likely to increase to 11 lakhs by 2010 and 12 lakhs by 20151.
Approximately 20 percent of all unintentional injury deaths worldwide occur in children under 15 years old and unintentional injuries are among the 10 leading causes of death for this age group. Creation of healthy environment for children is to be pursued with a missionary zeal incorporating the raising of awareness of the risks to children’s health in the setting where they live, learn, and play, based on a solid foundation of scientific evidence2.
Children are the treasures of tomorrow’s world. The school health programme of India emphasizes on health education as its vital element. Children take back to their parents the health instruction they receive in schools; also, when they become adults they apply this knowledge to their own families. In developing countries like India, every child should become a health worker to uplift its health status 3.
BRIEF RESUME OF INTENDED WORK:
6.1 Ned for the study :
Information from around the world indicates that injuries account for more than half of the deaths in the age group of 5-44years. An examination of ‘years of potential life lost’ indicates that injuries are the second most common cause of death after 5 years of age in India1. Unintentional injuries are common among children aged below 14 years. Many of these injuries are caused by burns (scalds), drowning, falls, and poisoning. However, these injuries are preventable4.
The disability rate in India was 1.9 percent of its population in 1991; it increased to 2.1 percent in 2001, as per the 2001 census1. Fractures in children are a common reason for Emergency Department visits and Hospitalizations. It is estimated that boys have a 42 percent chance of sustaining at least one fracture between birth to 16 years of age and girls have 27 percent chances of the same event. The chance of a fracture severe enough to require hospitalization during the first 16 years of life is 6.8 percent. The disability rate in India was 1.9 percent of its population in 1991; it is increased to 2.1percent in 2001, as per the 2001 census1. Accidental trauma is the commonest cause for all types of Fracture5.
Drowning has become common in India, owing to easy access to water bodies, the occupation of individuals, the risk prone nature of young children and adolescents. The entire coastal belt of India is a risk prone area. According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report of 2001, 20,739 deaths (5.6 percent of total injury deaths) and 355 injuries were reported due to drowning. Drowning is one of the top 10 killers among children 5 to 14 years of age 1.
During 2001, 32,509 persons died in India due to Burn injuries. The age distribution reveals that the incidence and mortality of burns are the highest in those 10-44 years of age. A population based study from Bangalore covering 96,569 individuals reported an incidence of 2500 / 1000,000 of burns. Burns related injuries are frequent during the festivals in India. A study from two hospitals in New Delhi revealed that children were injured in greater numbers while lighting crackers. In addition, many of the injured were unaware that the application of cold water soon after suffering burns was helpful1.
The researcher was thus motivated to conduct a study to assess the knowledge, attitude, and skills of school children regarding the first aid measures in case of Fracture, Drowning and Burns (scalds) and to develop a planned teaching programme (PTP) and evaluate its effectiveness.
6.2 Review of Literature:
Literature review is an essential step in the whole process of research. The term review of literature refers to the activities involving in identifying and searching for information on a topic and developing an understanding of the state of knowledge on that topic. It is also used to designate a written summary of the state of the art on a research problem 6.
A study was conducted in New Zealand to investigate the causes and school locations of fractures sustained by students attending elementary school. 25,000 students from 76 schools were taken for the study over a period of one year. Survey design was used and schools were selected randomly. Data were collected by using questionnaire method and were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings of the study showed that 118 students sustained a total of 131 fractures. Injuries were more frequent from general activities at school rather than from playground equipments. The study concluded that the improvements in school safety might be more likely to result from a greater focus on the way the students interact at school, rather than on modification to play ground equipment7.
A study was conducted in kaniyambadi block, in Vellore district in Tamilnadu to identify the epidemiology of childhood drowning in India. Survey design was used and the samples were selected by purposive sampling technique. Reviews of all deaths from 1991-1997 in the 1-12 year age group were collected. Among that, reviews of deaths due to drowning were considered. The findings showed that there were a total of 288 deaths among children and drowning was the single largest cause of death with a total of 56 deaths (19.4 percent). The average annual drowning rate was 25.9 per 100,000 study population. The study concluded that knowledge regarding the local risks of drowning helps to prevent the unintentional injury among children8.
A comparative study was conducted in Israel to evaluate an educational burn injuries prevention programme for school children, and its short and long term effects on knowledge, attitudes and the wish to learn more about preventive behaviors. The data were collected by self-administered questionnaires in two sampled groups of 10–14 year old: a study group of children (N=10) who were exposed to the program and a similar control group (N=10). All children filled out the questionnaire three times; prior to the introduction of the program, at the end of it, and 10 weeks later. The results showed an increase in knowledge in both groups. Yet, a significantly higher level of knowledge was achieved in the study group. Six out of ten attitudes studied, changed in the expected direction after the program in the study group, and none in the control group. The expressed willingness to learn more about prevention of injuries increased significantly only in the study group. The results indicated that the program achieved its immediate goals, and suggest that burn prevention education programs can be successfully implemented among school children 9.
A study was conducted in America, by American Academy of Pediatrics to assess the knowledge of pediatric first aid measures among parents. Descriptive survey design was used and the data were collected by structured questionnaire method. A convenience sample of adult parents presenting to the emergency department were considered. Six hundred fifty-four adults were surveyed (N=644). Mean age (SD) was 38.5 (13.8), 56 percent were female, 56 percent had at least a high school education. None of those surveyed answered all questions correctly with roughly half being familiar with 60 percent of the questions. Knowledge of specific guidelines ranged from 21 percent to 92 percent. Subjects especially lacked knowledge regarding the need to rapidly remove all bee stings (only 36 percent aware); keep wounds moist and covered (79 percent felt that drying wounds was beneficial); the need to cover victims of large burns (only 43 percent aware); and the need to seek medical attention after tick bites (only 47 percent aware). Knowledge was unaffected by age, gender, and education. The study concluded that many adults are unfamiliar with first aid measures. Further education is required to improve knowledge of first aid practices10.
A Quasi experimental study was conducted in Tezpur district of Assam. One group pre test and post test design was used for the study to determine the effectiveness of the planned teaching sessions on HIV/AIDS among adolescents. The adolescents for the study were selected by using convenient sampling. The study finding showed that the post test mean percentage scores were higher in all areas than the pre test scores. The study concluded that the adolescents who received the teaching sessions significantly improved in their knowledge11.
6.3 Problem Statement:
A study to evaluate the effectiveness of a planned teaching programme among School Children regarding first aid for common accidents and emergencies in a selected school at Mangalore.
6.4 Objectives of the Study:
1. To develop a planned teaching programme for the school children on first aid for common accidents and emergencies.
2. To assess and evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and skill of school children on first aid for common accidents and emergencies regarding Fracture, Drowning, and Burns (Scalds) before and after administration of planned teaching programme.
6.5 Operational Definitions:
1. Effectiveness:
Effectiveness is defined as having a definite or desired effect. (Oxford English dictionary)
In this study effectiveness refers to determining the extent to which the planned teaching programme has achieved the desired effect in terms of gain in knowledge, attitude and skill scores regarding first aid measures for common accidents and emergencies.
2. Planned Teaching Programme:
Planned teaching programme is an accepted teaching strategy. (Pohl - 1978)
In this study, planned teaching programme refers to a systematically planned teaching designed to provide information on first aid measures for common accidents and emergencies such as Fracture, Drowning, and Burns (scalds), which happens unexpectedly and requires immediate action. The teaching method used is lecture cum demonstration method.
3. First Aid:
First Aid is the temporary and immediate treatment given to a person who is injured or suddenly becomes ill, using facilities or materials available at that time before regular medical help is imparted.
- Oxford English dictionary
In this study, First Aid refers to the immediate treatment measures for Fracture, Drowning, and Burns (scalds).
3. Accidents and Emergencies;
Accidents are an unfortunate event, especially one causing physical harm or damage, brought about unintentionally. Emergency is a sudden state of danger, conflict, etc, requiring immediate action.
- Oxford English dictionary
In this study accidents and emergencies refers to Fractures, Drowning, and Burns (scalds) that happen unexpectedly requiring immediate action.
5. School Children:
School children refer to the children attending school. (Oxford English dictionary)
In this study, School Children refers to the Children studying in VIII standard (High school) with the age group between 14-15 years.
6.6 Assumptions:
The researcher assumes that the students will
· Have basic knowledge on accidents and emergencies.
· Be willing to participate in the study.
· Give free and frank responses during pre-test and post-test.
6.7 Delimitations:
The study is delimited to School Children
· Between 14-15 years of age.
· Ready to participate in the study
· Available at the time of the study.
6.8 Projected Outcome (Hypothesis):
At 0.05 level of significance.
H1: The mean post-test knowledge scores of the school children attending the planned teaching programme will be significantly higher than the mean pre-test knowledge scores on first aid for common accidents and emergencies.
H2 : The mean post-test attitude scores of the school children attending the planned teaching programme will be significantly higher than the mean pre-test attitude scores on first aid for common accidents and emergencies.
H3 : The mean post-test skill scores of the school children attending the planned teaching programme will be significantly higher than the mean pre-test skill scores on first aid for common accidents and emergencies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
7.1 SOURCE OF DATA:
The data will be collected from School Children studying in VIII standard aged between 14-15 years in a selected school at Mangalore.
7.1.1 Research Design:
The study design selected for this study is one group pre-test and post-test (pre-experimental) design.
Pre-test /
Treatment /
Post-test
01 /
X /
02
7.1.2 Settings:
The study will be conducted in selected school at Mangalore.
7.1.3 Population:
School Children of standard VIII, aged between 14 -15 years studying in the schools at Mangalore.
7.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION:
The data will be collected from school children of VIII standard aged between 14-15 years regarding the knowledge, attitude and skill on first aid for common accidents and emergencies using structured questionnaire method.
7.2.1 Sampling Procedure:
This research study will adopt simple random sampling for selecting samples. Out of the total population defined those who will meet the inclusion criteria will be selected for the study.
7.2.2 Sampling Size:
Fifty children will be selected for the sample by simple random sampling.
7.2.3 Inclusion Criteria for Sampling:
The study will include the high school children
· Aged between 14-15 years.
· Studying in VIII standard of the selected school
· Those who are present at the time of the study.
7.2.4 Exclusion Criteria for Sampling:
The study will exclude the children
· Those who do not give consent to participate in the study.
· Those who are absent during the data collection.
7.2.5 Instrument Used:
The following tool will be developed by the researcher using review of literature and consultation with subject experts:
The structured questionnaires for assessing the knowledge, attitude and skill of the school children regarding the first aid for common accidents and emergencies.
7.2.6 Data Collection Method:
The data collection technique adopted in the study is structured questionnaire on knowledge, attitude, and skill.
7.2.7 Data Analysis Plan:
The data obtained would be analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The analysis will be done on the basis of objectives and hypothesis stated. The significance of pre-test and post-test scores would be tested using ‘t’ test, at 0.05 level of significance.
7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION ON INTERVENTION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER HUMANS OR ANIMALS? IF SO PLEASE DESCRIBE BRIEFLY:
Yes, the study requires providing a planned teaching programme among school children of VIII standard on first aid for common accidents and emergencies.
7.4 HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR INSTITUTION IN CASE OF 7.3:
Yes, Ethical clearance has been obtained from our institution.
LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Gururaj G. Injuries in India: a national perspective. http:/www.whoindia.org. 2005.
2. Parthasarathy A, Nair MKC, Menon PSN. IAP Textbook of pediatrics. 3rd ed. New Delhi, Jaypee publication; 2007:971.
3. Park.K. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 18th ed, Jabalpur, Banarsidas Bhanot publishers; 2005:427.
4. Gupta Suresh. Injury control. http:/health information on injury control.org. 2004.
5. DeFazio R, Atkinson C. Extremity Fracture in Children: when is it an emergency? Journal of pediatric nursing, 2005 Aug; 20(4):298-304.
6. Polit DF, Hungler BP. Nursing Research: principles and methods. 6th ed, Philadelphia, J.B.Lippincott Company; 1999:79.
7. Rubie CM Davies, Townsend MA. Fractures in New Zealand elementary school setting. Journal of school health, 2007 Jan; 77(1): 36-40.
8. Bose Anuradha, George Kuryan, and Joseph Abraham. Drowning in childhood: a population based study. The Journal of Indian pediatrics, 2000 Jan; 37: 80-82.
9. Carmel Sara, Shani Esther, and Rosenberg Lior. Evaluation of a burn prevention program in Israeli schools. Journal of health promotion international, 1991Nov; 2(6):87-92.
10. Singer, Adam.j, Gulla, Janet, Thode, Henry. Pediatric first aid knowledge among parents. Journal of pediatric emergency care, 2004 Dec; 20(12):808-811.
11. Arun Jyoti.B, Sharma Pradeep Kumar. A study to determine the effectiveness of planned teaching sessions on HIV/AIDS among late adolescent students in a district of Assam. Journal of Nursing Research Society of India, 2007 Dec; 26.
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