Online Resources
Online Resource 1: Overall abundance, frequency (number of sites where a species was found), inter-tegular distance (ITD, measured for up to four individuals of each sex) and breeding strategy (Westrich 1989) of 108 bee species on 32 calcareous grasslands in Lower Saxony, Germany. Species were identified with Scheuchl (1996), Schmid-Egger and Scheuchl (1997), Amiet et al. (1999), Scheuchl (2000), Amiet et al. (2001), and Mauss (1987). Nomenclature follows the list of the valid bee species as of 03-Oct-2008 retrieved from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (http://www.itis.gov).
Family / Species / Abundance / Frequency / ITD / Breeding strategyAndrenidae / Andrena angustior (Kirby, 1802) / 4 / 2 / 1.59 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena bicolor Fabricius, 1775 / 10 / 6 / 2.04 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena carantonica Pérez, 1902 / 5 / 5 / 2.28 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena chrysosceles (Kirby, 1802) / 19 / 10 / 1.84 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena cineraria (Linnaeus, 1758) / 4 / 4 / 2.59 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena falsifica Perkins, 1915 / 15 / 8 / 1.44 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena flavipes Panzer, 1799 / 28 / 11 / 2.09 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena fucata Smith, 1847 / 18 / 8 / 2.13 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena fulvago (Christ, 1791) / 6 / 4 / 2.11 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena gravida Imhoff, 1832 / 8 / 7 / 2.4 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena haemorrhoa (Fabricius, 1781) / 16 / 10 / 2.33 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena helvola (Linnaeus, 1758) / 3 / 3 / 1.71 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena humilis Imhoff, 1832 / 1 / 1 / 2.68 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena intermedia Thomson, 1870 / 1 / 1 / 2.15 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena labialis (Kirby, 1802) / 2 / 1 / 2.66 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena labiata Fabricius, 1781 / 5 / 4 / 1.72 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena minutula (Kirby, 1802) / 52 / 21 / 1.46 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena minutuloides Perkins, 1914 / 34 / 10 / 1.31 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena nigroaenea (Kirby, 1802) / 28 / 14 / 2.46 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena nitida (Müller, 1776) / 27 / 15 / 2.62 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena proxima (Kirby, 1802) / 6 / 2 / 1.55 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena strohmella Illiger, 1806 / 11 / 8 / 1.6 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena subopaca Nylander, 1848 / 52 / 21 / 1.39 / solitary
Andrenidae / Andrena wilkella (Kirby, 1802) / 8 / 6 / 2.36 / solitary
Apidae / Anthophora plumipes (Pallas, 1772) / 6 / 5 / 4.01 / solitary
Apidae / Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 / 769 / 26 / 3.07 / highly eusocial
Apidae / Bombus bohemicus Seidl, 1837 / 13 / 12 / 4.23 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Bombus campestris (Panzer, 1801) / 1 / 1 / 3.72 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Bombus hortorum (Linnaeus, 1761) / 4 / 4 / 3.86 / social
Apidae / Bombus hypnorum (Linnaeus, 1758) / 4 / 4 / 3.67 / social
Apidae / Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758) / 902 / 32 / 3.43 / social
Apidae / Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli, 1763) / 454 / 32 / 3.6 / social
Apidae / Bombus pratorum (Linnaeus, 1761) / 12 / 8 / 3.37 / social
Apidae / Bombus rupestris (Fabricius, 1793) / 10 / 8 / 3.53 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Bombus soroeensis (Fabricius, 1777) / 4 / 4 / 3.4 / social
Apidae / Bombus sylvarum (Linnaeus, 1761) / 1 / 1 / 2.64 / social
Apidae / Bombus sylvestris (Lepeletier, 1832) / 9 / 5 / 3.73 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Bombus terrestris agg. / 299 / 31 / 3.93 / social
Apidae / Ceratina cyanea (Kirby, 1802) / 8 / 6 / 1.29 / solitary
Apidae / Eucera nigrescens Pérez, 1879 / 3 / 2 / 3.06 / solitary
Apidae / Melecta albifrons (Forster, 1771) / 2 / 2 / 3.06 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada bifasciata Olivier, 1811 / 3 / 3 / 1.78 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada fabriciana (Linné, 1767) / 7 / 4 / 1.44 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada flava Panzer, 1798 / 19 / 12 / 1.79 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada flavoguttata (Kirby, 1802) / 61 / 20 / 1.36 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada fucata Panzer, 1798 / 12 / 7 / 1.78 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada goodeniana (Kirby, 1802) / 8 / 7 / 2.03 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada guttulata Schenck, 1861 / 1 / 1 / 1.22 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada lathburiana (Kirby, 1802) / 2 / 2 / 1.94 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada marshamella (Kirby, 1802) / 27 / 16 / 2.31 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada panzeri Lepeletier, 1841 / 1 / 1 / 1.48 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada ruficornis (Linnaeus, 1758) / 27 / 13 / 1.72 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada sexfasciata Panzer, 1799 / 4 / 2 / 2.14 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada sheppardana (Kirby, 1802) / 27 / 7 / 0.91 / cleptoparasitic
Apidae / Nomada succincta Panzer, 1798 / 46 / 22 / 1.94 / cleptoparasitic
Colletidae / Colletes cunicularius (Linnaeus, 1761) / 4 / 3 / 3.41 / solitary
Colletidae / Colletes daviesanus Smith, 1846 / 1 / 1 / 2.25 / solitary
Colletidae / Hylaeus annularis (Kirby, 1802) / 1 / 1 / 1.45 / solitary
Colletidae / Hylaeus brevicornis Nylander, 1852 / 5 / 4 / 0.98 / solitary
Colletidae / Hylaeus communis Nylander, 1852 / 9 / 7 / 1.36 / solitary
Colletidae / Hylaeus confusus Nylander, 1852 / 11 / 7 / 1.27 / solitary
Colletidae / Hylaeus gredleri Förster, 1871 / 2 / 2 / 1.17 / solitary
Colletidae / Hylaeus nigritus (Fabricius, 1798) / 5 / 2 / 1.59 / solitary
Halictidae / Halictus maculatus Smith, 1848 / 3 / 2 / 1.54 / social
Halictidae / Halictus rubicundus (Christ, 1791) / 72 / 10 / 1.96 / social
Halictidae / Halictus simplex Blüthgen, 1923 / 23 / 1 / 1.72 / solitary
Halictidae / Halictus tumulorum (Linnaeus, 1758) / 266 / 26 / 1.33 / social
Halictidae / Lasioglossum albipes (Fabricius, 1781) / 15 / 7 / 1.48 / no information
Halictidae / Lasioglossum calceatum (Scopoli, 1763) / 31 / 18 / 1.72 / social
Halictidae / Lasioglossum fulvicorne (Kirby, 1802) / 44 / 17 / 1.36 / solitary
Halictidae / Lasioglossum laticeps (Schenck, 1870) / 3 / 3 / 1.39 / social
Halictidae / Lasioglossum lativentre (Schenck, 1853) / 1 / 1 / 1.52 / solitary
Halictidae / Lasioglossum leucopus (Kirby, 1802) / 7 / 7 / 1.08 / solitary
Halictidae / Lasioglossum leucozonium (Schrank, 1781) / 1 / 1 / 1.98 / solitary
Halictidae / Lasioglossum lineare (Schenck, 1870) / 6 / 1 / 1.39 / social
Halictidae / Lasioglossum lucidulum (Schenck, 1861) / 1 / 1 / 0.96 / no information
Halictidae / Lasioglossum minutulum (Schenck, 1853) / 1 / 1 / 1.19 / solitary
Halictidae / Lasioglossum morio (Fabricius, 1793) / 185 / 23 / 1.12 / social
Halictidae / Lasioglossum parvulum (Schenck, 1853) / 1 / 1 / 1.21 / solitary
Halictidae / Lasioglossum pauxillum (Schenck, 1853) / 256 / 26 / 1.08 / social
Halictidae / Lasioglossum pygmaeum (Schenck, 1853) / 9 / 5 / 1.12 / no information
Halictidae / Lasioglossum villosulum (Kirby, 1802) / 81 / 18 / 1.4 / solitary
Halictidae / Sphecodes crassus Thomson, 1870 / 19 / 10 / 1.28 / cleptoparasitic
Halictidae / Sphecodes ephippius (Linné, 1767) / 110 / 21 / 1.39 / cleptoparasitic
Halictidae / Sphecodes ferruginatus Hagens, 1882 / 40 / 9 / 1.43 / cleptoparasitic
Halictidae / Sphecodes geoffrellus (Kirby, 1802) / 1 / 1 / 1.11 / cleptoparasitic
Halictidae / Sphecodes gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) / 20 / 10 / 1.59 / cleptoparasitic
Halictidae / Sphecodes hyalinatus Hagens, 1882 / 30 / 8 / 1.45 / cleptoparasitic
Halictidae / Sphecodes monilicornis (Kirby, 1802) / 10 / 6 / 1.5 / cleptoparasitic
Halictidae / Sphecodes niger Hagens, 1874 / 10 / 6 / 0.92 / cleptoparasitic
Halictidae / Sphecodes rufiventris (Panzer, 1798) / 2 / 2 / 1.22 / cleptoparasitic
Megachilidae / Anthidiellum strigatum (Panzer, 1805) / 17 / 11 / 2.45 / solitary
Megachilidae / Anthidium manicatum (Linnaeus, 1758) / 1 / 1 / 3.59 / solitary
Megachilidae / Anthidium punctatum Latreille, 1809 / 1 / 1 / 2.66 / solitary
Megachilidae / Chelostoma campanularum (Kirby, 1802) / 10 / 8 / 0.93 / solitary
Megachilidae / Chelostoma florisomne (Linnaeus, 1758) / 2 / 2 / 1.62 / solitary
Megachilidae / Chelostoma rapunculi (Lepeletier, 1841) / 17 / 11 / 1.59 / solitary
Megachilidae / Heriades truncorum (Linnaeus, 1758) / 3 / 3 / 1.49 / solitary
Megachilidae / Hoplosmia spinulosa (Kirby, 1802) / 6 / 4 / 1.89 / solitary
Megachilidae / Megachile apicalis Spinola, 1808 / 2 / 1 / 2.33 / solitary
Megachilidae / Megachile versicolor Smith, 1844 / 3 / 3 / 2.95 / solitary
Megachilidae / Megachile willughbiella (Kirby, 1802) / 3 / 3 / 3.06 / solitary
Megachilidae / Osmia aurulenta (Panzer, 1799) / 17 / 6 / 2.68 / solitary
Megachilidae / Osmia bicolor (Schrank, 1781) / 205 / 28 / 2.52 / solitary
Megachilidae / Osmia leaiana (Kirby, 1802) / 3 / 2 / 2.66 / solitary
Megachilidae / Osmia rufa (Linnaeus, 1758) / 10 / 4 / 2.85 / solitary
Megachilidae / Osmia uncinata Gerstäcker, 1869 / 2 / 2 / 1.9 / solitary
Melittidae / Melitta haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius, 1775) / 9 / 3 / 2.58 / solitary
Melittidae / Melitta leporina (Panzer, 1799) / 1 / 1 / 2.78 / solitary
References
Amiet F, Herrmann M, Müller A, Neumeyer R (2001) Fauna Helvetica 6 - Apidae 3 - Halictus, Lasioglossum. Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft, Neuchâtel
Amiet F, Müller A, Neumeyer R (1999) Fauna Helvetica 4 - Apidae 2 - Colletes, Dufourea, Hylaeus, Nomia, Nomioides, Rhophitoides, Rophites, Sphecodes, Systropha. Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft, Neuchâtel
Mauss V (1987) Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Hummeln der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Deutscher Jugendbund für Naturbeobachtung, Hamburg
Scheuchl E (1996) Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wildbienen Deutschlands und Österreichs - Band II: Megachilidae - Melittidae. Eigenverlag, Landshut
Scheuchl E (2000) Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wildbienen Deutschlands und Österreichs - Band I: Anthophoridae. Eigenverlag, Velden
Schmid-Egger C, Scheuchl E (1997) Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wildbienen Deutschlands und Österreichs - Band III: Andrenidae. Eigenverlag, Velden
Westrich P (1989) Die Wildbienen Baden-Württembergs. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart
Online Resource 2: Pearson correlation coefficients (r) for the explanatory variables habitat area, habitat connectivity, landscape diversity, flower cover, and flower species richness of the 32 calcareous grasslands.
(radius: 250 m) / Cover of plant species in flower
Habitat connectivity index / -0.02 n.s.
Landscape diversity (radius: 250 m) / 0.32 (*) / 0.01 n.s.
Cover of plant species in flower / 0.38 * / -0.13 n.s. / 0.16 n.s.
Flower species richness / 0.54 *** / -0.17 n.s. / 0.23 n.s. / 0.18 n.s.
Significance levels: *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; (*) p < 0.1; n.s. = not significant
Online Resource 3: Moran’s I correlograms for all models described in the vertical header (Sawada 1999). Lag distance was 2241 m (mean distance between calcareous grasslands) and ten distance lags were calculated. Number of neighboring pairs considered for each distance class (dc) were: dc1=16 pairs, dc2=31 pairs, dc3=51 pairs, dc4=45 pairs, dc5=43 pairs, dc6=31 pairs, dc7=54 pairs, dc8=54 pairs, dc9=67 pairs, dc10=50 pairs. Figure 1 shows correlograms for untransformed dependent variables, Table 2 shows correlograms for models related to habitat area on a log-log scale (next pages).
References
Sawada M (1999) ROOKCASE: an Excel 97/2000 visual basic (VB) add-in for exploring global and local spatial autocorrelation. Bull Ecol Soc Am 80:231–234.
Figure 1: Moran’s I correlograms for untransformed dependent variables (see text above).
Landscape diversity / /
Sociality: social vs. solitary / Habitat area / /
Landscape diversity / /
Figure 2: Moran’s I correlograms for models related to habitat area on a log-log scale (see text above.
Trophic level:nest-building vs. cleptoparasitic / /
Sociality:
social vs. solitary / /
Online Resource 4: Mixed effects models for the explanatory variable habitat area, the trait categories trophic level (cleptoparasitic versus nest-building) and sociality (solitary versus social) of all bee species and Halictid bee species only and the interaction of explanatory variables and trait categories in 32 calcareous grasslands. Dependent variables are log10(+1)-transformed as is the explanatory variable habitat area.
species richness / species richness
d.f. / F / p / F / p
Trophic level:
nest-building
vs.
cleptoparasitic
Trophic level / 1, 30 / 172.42 / <0.001 / 92.82 / <0.001
Habitat area / 1, 30 / 23.59 / <0.001 / 28.90 / <0.001
Trophic level x Habitat area / 1, 30 / 0.06 / 0.81 / 0.38 / 0.540
Sociality:
social
vs.
solitary
Sociality / 1, 30 / 35.79 / <0.001 / 45.59 / <0.001
Habitat area / 1, 30 / 39.10 / <0.001 / 48.30 / <0.001
Sociality x Habitat area / 1, 30 / 10.35 / 0.003 / 0.05 / 0.83
Online Resource 5: Trait analysis of all bee species and of Halictidae. Mixed effects models for the explanatory variables (habitat area, habitat connectivity, landscape diversity, flower cover, and flower species richness), the trait categories trophic level (cleptoparasitic versus nest-building), and sociality (solitary versus social) of all bee species and of halicitid bee species and the interaction of explanatory variables and trait categories in 32 calcareous grasslands. Habitat area and connectivity were log10-transformed for analyses.
d.f. / F / p / F / p
Trophic level / 1, 30 / 240.23 / <0.001 / 157.03 / <0.001
Habitat area / 1, 30 / 43.98 / <0.001 / 31.30 / <0.001
Trophic level x Habitat area / 1, 30 / 23.71 / <0.001 / 15.80 / <0.001
Trophic level / 1, 30 / 141.37 / <0.001 / 103.87 / <0.001
Habitat connectivity / 1, 30 / 1.03 / 0.317 / 0.405 / 0.533
Trophic level x Habitat connectivity / 1, 30 / 1.61 / 0.214 / 0.30 / 0.591
Trophic level / 1, 30 / 139.48 / <0.001 / 106.01 / <0.001
Landscape diversity / 1, 30 / 6.83 / 0.014 / 5.49 / 0.026
Trophic level x Landscape diversity / 1, 30 / 1.19 / 0.284 / 0.92 / 0.346
Trophic level / 1, 30 / 149.30 / <0.001 / 104.93 / <0.001
Flower cover / 1, 30 / 3.56 / 0.069 / 3.40 / 0.076
Trophic level x Flower cover / 1, 30 / 3.38 / 0.076 / 0.61 / 0.443
Trophic level / 1, 30 / 138.96 / <0.001 / 105.62 / <0.001
Flower species richness / 1, 30 / 2.48 / 0.126 / 0.62 / 0.438
Trophic level x Flower species richness / 1, 30 / 1.07 / 0.309 / 0.81 / 0.376
Sociality / 1, 30 / 56.85 / <0.001 / 78.69 / <0.001
Habitat area / 1, 30 / 44.12 / <0.001 / 44.40 / <0.001
Sociality x Habitat area / 1, 30 / 20.90 / <0.001 / 7.91 / 0.009
Sociality / 1, 30 / 34.22 / <0.001 / 62.43 / <0.001
Habitat connectivity / 1, 30 / 1.53 / 0.226 / 0.66 / 0.423
Sociality x Habitat connectivity / 1, 30 / 0.64 / 0.431 / 0.08 / 0.782
Sociality / 1, 30 / 36.55 / <0.001 / 63.27 / <0.001
Landscape diversity / 1, 30 / 4.61 / 0.040 / 5.35 / 0.028
Sociality x Landscape diversity / 1, 30 / 2.72 / 0.109 / 0.48 / 0.491
Sociality / 1, 30 / 37.14 / <0.001 / 64.59 / <0.001
Flower cover / 1, 30 / 3.71 / 0.064 / 2.59 / 0.118
Sociality x Flower cover / 1, 30 / 3.26 / 0.081 / 1.12 / 0.299
Sociality / 1, 30 / 34.91 / <0.001 / 66.73 / <0.001
Flower species richness / 1, 30 / 2.35 / 0.136 / 1.15 / 0.291
Sociality x Flower species richness / 1, 30 / 1.26 / 0.271 / 2.15 / 0.153
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