SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Table S1: Structure of ANU-ADRI questionnaire and sources of items

Characteristics / Scale/ Study
Demographic information
Age, gender, Education, marital status, / Path Through Life Study (Australia)(Anstey et al., 2011)
Medical History
Diabetes / Ausdiab study (Australia)(Dunstan et al., 2002)
Depression / CESD and self report medical history
Hypercholesterolemia / Cardiovascular health and Cognition study(Rea et al., 2005)(USA)
Traumatic Brain Injury / Canadian Study of Health and Aging (Lindsay et al., 2002)(Canada)
Social and behavioral factors
Smoking / Fagerstrom test(Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerstrom, 1991)
Amsterdam growth and health longitudinal study (Bernaards, Twisk, Snel, Van Mechelen, & Kemper, 2001)(Netherland)
Alcohol / Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (Babor TF, 2006)(AUDIT)
Social engagement / Lubben’s Scale of social network and
Scale for Honolulu Asia Aging Study (Saczynski, et al., 2006)(USA)
Cognitive engagement / Rush Memory and Aging study (Wilson, et al., 2007)(USA)
Physical activity / International Physical Activity Questionnaire (Craig, et al., 2003)(IPAQ)
Fish intake / Cardiovascular health and Cognition study (Huang, et al., 2005)(USA)
Occupational Pesticide exposure / Developed for this study with experts

S2. Forest plots for pooled estimates of risk factors.

a)Education

b)Depression

c)Brain injury

d)Pesticide

e)Cognitive activity

f)Social engagement

References for items in the ANU-ADRI and pooled estimates reported in supplementary material:

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Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG (2006). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Guidelines for Use in Primary Care, Second Edition, Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence, World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.

Bernaards C.M, Twisk J.W, Snel J. et al (2001). Is calculating pack-years retrospectively a valid method to estimate life-time tobacco smoking? A comparison between prospectively calculated pack-years and retrospectively calculated pack-years.Addiction,96,1653-61.

Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjostrom, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., . . . Oja, P. (2003). International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medical Science Sports Exercise, 35, 1381-1395. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB [doi]

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Geelings M.L, den Heijer T, Kondstaal P.J, et al (2008) History of depression, depressive symptoms, and medial temporal lobe atrophy and the risk of Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 70, 1258–1264.

Hayden, K. M., Norton, M. C., Darcey, D., Ostbye, T., Zandi, P. P., Breitner, J. C., & Welsh-Bohmer, K. A. (2010). Occupational exposure to pesticides increases the risk of incident AD: the Cache County study. Neurology, 74, 1524-1530. doi: 74/19/1524 [pii]10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181dd4423 [doi]

Heatherton T.F, Kozlowski L.T., Frecker R.C., et al (1991). The Fragerstorm test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerstorm Tolarance questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1119-27.

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Li G, Shofer J. B, Kukull W.A, et al (2005). Serum cholesterol and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a community based cohort study. Neurology, 65, 1045-1050.

Lindsay, J., Laurin, D., Verreault, R., Hebert, R., Helliwell, B., Hill, G. B., & McDowell, I. (2002). Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156, 445-453.

Mehta K. M, Kalmin S, Slooter A.J, et al (1999). Head trauma and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: The RotterdamStudy. Neurology, 53,1959-62.

Mielke, M. M., Zandi, P. P., Shao, H., Waern, M., Ostling, S., Guo, X., . . . Gustafson, D. R. (2010). The 32-year relationship between cholesterol and dementia from midlife to late life. Neurology, 75, 1888-1895. doi: WNL.0b013e3181feb2bf

Notkola I.L, Sulkava R, Pekkanen J et al, (1998). Serum cholesterol, apolipoprotein E episilon 4 allele and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroepidemiology, 17, 14-20.

Plassman, B. L., Havlik, R. J., Steffens, D. C., Helms, M. J., Newman, T. N., Drosdick, D., . . . Breitner, J. C. (2000). Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Neurology, 55, 1158-1166.

Rea T.D., Breitner J.C., Fitzpatrick A.L., et al (2005). Statin use and the riskk of incident of dementia: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Archives of Neurology, 62, 1047-1051.

Saczynski JS, Pfeifer LA, Masaki K, et al (2006). The effect of social engagement on incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163, 433-40.

Saczynski J.S, Beiser A, Seshodri S, et al (2010). Depressive symptoms and risk of dementia; The Framingham Heart Study. Neurology, 75, 35–41.

Schofield, P. W., Tang, M., Marder, K., Bell, K., Dooneief, G., Chun, M., . . . Mayeux, R. (1997). Alzheimer's disease after remote head injury: an incidence study. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 62, 119-124.

Solomon, A., Kivipelto, M., Wolozin, B., Zhou, J., & Whitmer, R. A. (2009). Midlife serum cholesterol and increased risk of Alzheimer's and vascular dementia three decades later. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 28, 75-80. doi: 000231980

Tyas, S. L., Manfreda, J., Strain, L. A., & Montgomery, P. R. (2001). Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a population-based, longitudinal study in Manitoba, Canada. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 590-597.

Wilson, R. S., Scherr, P. A., Schneider, J. A., Tang, Y., & Bennett, D. A. (2007). Relation of cognitive activity to risk of developing Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 69, 1911-1920. doi: 01.wnl.0000271087.67782.cb