Pharmaceutical Technology / Dosage Forms/ Lec:1 3Rd Stage 2011 Dr.Dhafir Qahtan

Pharmaceutical Technology / Dosage forms/ Lec:1 3rd stage 2011 Dr.Dhafir Qahtan

Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Aerosols: Pharmaceutical aerosols are products packaged under pressure that contain therapeutically active ingredients that are released as a fine mist, spray, or foam on actuation of the valve assembly.

Aromatic Waters: Aromatic waters are clear, saturated solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic substances in water.

Capsules: Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and/or inert substances are enclosed within small shells of gelatin.

Creams: Creams are semisolid preparations containing one or more drug substances dissolved or dispersed in a suitable base.

Drug Delivery Systems: Drug deliver systems are physical carriers used to deliver medications to site-specific They include transdermal, ocular, and intrauterine systems.

Elixirs: Elixirs are sweetened, flavored, hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral administration. They! may be medicated or non medicated.

Emulsions: An emulsion is a type of dispersal system in which one liquid is dispersed throughout another liquid in the form of fine droplets.

Gels: Gels are semisolid systems consisting of either suspensions of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a liquid.

Implants or Pellets: Implants or pellets are small, sterile, solid dosage forms containing a concentrated drug for subcutaneous implantation in the body where they continuously release their medication over prolonged periods.

Inhalations: Inhalations are finely powdered drug substances, solutions, or suspensions of drug substances administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route for local or systemic effects. Special devices are used to facilitate their administration.

Injections: Injections are sterile preparations intended for parenteral administration by needle or pressure syringe. Drugs may be injected into most any vessel or tissue of the body, but the most common routes are intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC).

Liniments: Liniments are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions, suspensions, or emulsions of medicinal agents intended for external application to the skin, generally by rubbing.

Lotions: Lotions are liquid preparations intended for external application to the skin. They are generally suspensions or emulsions of dispersed solid or liquid materials in an aqueous vehicle.

Lozenges: Lozenges are solid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents in a flavored, sweetened base intended to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth, releasing medication generally for localized effects.

Magmas: Magmas are pharmaceutical suspensions of line particles that, because of a high degree of physical attraction to the aqueous vehicle, torn a gelatinous mixture.

Ointments: Ointments are semisolid preparations intended for topical application to the skin, eye, ear, or various mucous membranes. With some exceptions, ointments are applied for their local effects on the tissue membrane rather than for systemic effects.

Pastes: Pastes are semisolid dosage forms that contain one or more drug substances intended for topical application to the skin.

Plasters: Plasters are solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread across a suitable backing material and intended for external application to a part of the body for protection or for the medicinal benefit of added agents.

Powders: Powders are dry mixtures of finely divided medicinal and nonmedidnal agents intended for internal or external use.

Solutions: Solutions are liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances (solutes) dissolved in a solvent or mixture of solvents.

Spirits: Spirits are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances. Depending on their contents, some spirits are used orally for medicinal purposes and others as flavoring agents.

Suppositories: Suppositories are solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body orifices. They are used rectally, vaginally, and, occasionally, urethrally.

Tablets: Tablets are solid dosage forms containing one or more medicinal substances. Most tablets also contain added pharmaceutical ingredients, as diluents, disintegrants, colorants, binders, solubilizers, and coatings.

Tinctures: Tinctures are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of either pure chemical substances or of plant extractives

Fluidextracts: Fluidextracts are liquid preparations of plant extractives, each milliliter of which contains the active constituents from 1 gram of the standard drug that it represents.

Extracts: Extracts are highly concentrated powdered or pilular (ointment-like) extractives of plant constituents prepared by the reduction of fluidextracts through evaporation.

Suspensions: Suspensions are preparations containing finely divided, undissolved drug particles dispersed throughout a liquid vehicle.

Syrups: Syrups are concentrated aqueous solutions of a sugar or sugar substitute.

Tinctures: Tinctures are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of either pure chemical substances or of plant extractives.

Fluidextracts: Fluidextracts are liquid preparations of plant extractives, each milliliter of which contains the active constituents from 1 g of the standard drug that it represents. Extracts: Extracts are highly concentrated powdered or pilular (ointment-like) extractives of plant constituents prepared by the reduction of fluidextracts through evaporation.

The Need for Dosage Forms

Besides providing the mechanism for the safe and convenient delivery of accurate dosage, dosage forms are needed for additional reasons:

1. To protect the drug substance from the destructive influences of atmospheric oxygen or humidity (coated tablets, sealed ampuls).

2. To protect the drug substance from the destructive influence of gastric acid after oral administration (enteric-coated tablets).

3. To conceal the bitter, salty, or offensive taste or odor of a drug substance (capsules, coated tablets, flavored syrups).

4. To provide liquid preparations of substances that are either insoluble or unstable in the desired vehicle (suspensions).

5. To provide clear liquid dosage forms of substances (syrups, solutions)

6. To provide rate-controlled drug action (various controlled-release tablets, capsules, and suspensions).

7. To provide optimal drug action from topical administration sites (ointments, creams, transdermal patches, and ophthalmic, ear, and nasal preparations)

8. To provide for insertion of a drug into one of the body's orifices (rectal or vaginal suppositories).

9. To provide for placement of drugs directly in the bloodstream or body tissues (injections).

10. To provide for optimal drug action through inhalation therapy (inhalants and inhalation aerosols).

and protein). The stability of these products during production, formulation and storage is affected by such properties. "salting out"

Repulsive and attractive forces

When molecules interact, both repulsive and attractive forces operate. The opposite charges and binding forces between two molecules will attract one anther. When the molecules are brought so close that the negatively outer charged electron clouds will repeal each other. Thus attractive forces are necessary for molecules to cohere where as repulsive forces act to prevent the molecules from interpenetrating and overcoming each other.