SUPPORTING MATERIALS FOR:
Species diversity of canopy versus understory trees in a Neotropical forest: Implications for forest structure, function and monitoring
Stephanie A. Bohlman1,2,*
1School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA, 352-846-3503, fax: 352-376-4536
2Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
email:
Figure S1. Species-individual curves for different layers and size categories for 50-ha area for which canopy status was determined from the PPA model.
Figure S2. Effective number of species at different diameters (50-mm DBH classes) for the whole 50-ha plot for which canopy status was determined from the PPA model.
Figure S3. Functional group composition (panel a and c are adult stature and panel b is regeneration requirement) for different size categories of trees in the a) in the 8.6 ha where high resolution aerial photographs allowed direct observation of which trees were in the canopy and understory; b) and c) whole 50-ha plot where canopy status was determined from the PPA model.
a)
b)
c)
Table S1. Number of Species in Different Functional Groups Found in the Canopy, Understory and Whole Forest
all / canopy / understory8.6 ha / 50-ha / 8.6 ha / 50-ha / 8.6 ha / 50-ha
tall / 93 / 113 / 83 (89%) / 106 (94%) / 87 (94%) / 109 (96%)
mid-sized / 66 / 76 / 55 (83%) / 71 (93%) / 60 (91%) / 75 (99%)
treelet / 51 / 60 / 24 (47%) / 38 (63%) / 50 (98%) / 60 (100%)
shrub / 34 / 50 / 9 (26%) / 10 (20%) / 34 (100%) / 50 (100%)
gap / 48 / 55 / 38 (79%) / 48 (87%) / 48 (100%) / 55 (100%)
intermediate / 33 / 35 / 31 (94%) / 31 (89%) / 31 (94%) / 35 (100%)
shade / 94 / 96 / 72 (77%) / 82 (85%) / 94 (100%) / 96 (100%)
Percentages show the percent of species in each functional group found in each forest layer. The 8.6 ha covered the area with high resolution aerial photographs where trees were observed directly to be in the status was determined from the PPA model. For the 50-ha plot, canopy status was determined with a canopy structure model. Functional groups are: adult stature, which consisted of tall trees, mid-sized trees, treelets and shrubs; and regeneration requirement, which consisted of light-demanding, intermediate and shade tolerant trees.
Table S2. Morisita-Horn Index of Similarity for Different Forest Layers and DBH Categories
layer 1 / layer 2 / 8.6 ha / 50-ha / mean of 50 1-ha plots / SD of 50 1-ha plotscanopy / understory / 0.41 / 0.53 / 0.67 / 0.14
canopy / whole / 0.42 / 0.57 / 0.69 / 0.13
understory / whole / 0.999 / 0.999 / 0.998 / 0.001
10 cm DBH+ / canopy / 0.91 / 0.99 / 0.93 / 0.038
10 cm DBH+ / whole / 0.74 / 0.77 / 0.68 / 0.083
10 cm DBH+ / understory / 0.73 / 0.74 / 0.71 / 0.094
Similarity of different layers and DBH categories of the BCI forest as determined by the Morisita-Horn index. Canopy versus understory status was determined by aerial photographs for the 8.6 ha area. Canopy versus understory status was determined using a forest structure model (Perfect Plasticity Approximation; PPA) for the whole 50-ha plot. The first two columns refer to the two layers whose similarity is being calculated. The third and fourth columns report similarity for all trees considered together. The last two columns report the mean and standard deviation of the similarity of 50 1-ha plots.
Table S3. The Top 10 Common Species in Different Layers and Size Categories of the BCI 50-ha Plot
Table A
8.6 ha photo area / whole 50 ha plotrank / canopy / understory / whole forest / DBH ≥ 10 cm / canopy / understory / whole forest / DBH ≥ 10 cm
1 / TRI2TU / FARAOC / FARAOC / FARAOC / FARAOC / HYBAPR / HYBAPR / FARAOC
2 / FARAOC / HYBAPR / HYBAPR / TRI2TU / TRI2TU / FARAOC / FARAOC / TRI2TU
3 / OENOMA / DES2PA / DES2PA / ALSEBL / ALSEBL / DES2PA / TRI2TU / ALSEBL
4 / ALSEBL / MOURMY / MOURMY / TAB2AR / QUARAS / TRI2TU / DES2PA / OENOMA
5 / TAB2AR / TRI2TU / TRI2TU / PRI2CO / OENOMA / ALSEBL / ALSEBL / QUARAS
6 / PRI2CO / ALSEBL / ALSEBL / HIRTTR / GUSTSU / MOURMY / MOURMY / HIRTTR
7 / TET2PA / COU2CU / COU2CU / TET2PA / VIROSE / HIRTTR / HIRTTR / POULAR
8 / JAC1CO / GAR2IN / TET2PA / VIROSE / HIRTTR / GAR2IN / GAR2IN / GUSTSU
9 / CORDBI / PSYCHO / GAR2IN / OENOMA / POULAR / TET2PA / TET2PA / VIROSE
10 / HIRTTR / TET2PA / PSYCHO / QUARAS / TAB2AR / PSYCHO / PSYCHO / TET2PA
Table B
DBH CLASSESrank / 10-50 / 51-100 / 101-150 / 151-200 / 201-250 / 251-300 / 301-350 / 351-400 / 401-450 / 451-2500
1 / HYBAPR / FARAOC / FARAOC / TRI2TU / TRI2TU / TRI2TU / TRI2TU / TRI2TU / TRI2TU / PRI2CO
2 / FARAOC / TRI2TU / TRI2TU / ALSEBL / HIRTTR / ALSEBL / ALSEBL / TAB2AR / ALSEBL / JAC1CO
3 / DES2PA / COU2CU / OENOMA / FARAOC / GUSTSU / TAB2AR / TET2PA / ALSEBL / ZANTBE / TAB2AR
4 / MOURMY / DES2PA / ALSEBL / VIROSE / ALSEBL / CORDBI / CORDBI / ELAEOL / TAB2AR / TET2PA
5 / ALSEBL / ALSEBL / HIRTTR / HIRTTR / VIROSE / HEISCO / TAB2AR / ZANTBE / TET2PA / ALSEBL
6 / TRI2TU / HIRTTR / RANDAR / PRI2CO / CORDBI / GUSTSU / POUTRE / POUTRE / JAC1CO / QUARAS
7 / PSYCHO / HYBAPR / TET2PA / TRIPCU / SWARS1 / TET2PA / HEISCO / PRI2CO / SCH1ZO / TRI2TU
8 / COU2CU / SWARS2 / VIROSE / CORDBI / TAB2AR / ZANTBE / SIMAAM / ALCHCO / AST2GR / BEILPE
9 / GAR2IN / SOROAF / CORDLA / SWARS1 / EUGEOE / CECRIN / TACHVE / CECRIN / QUARAS / APEIME
10 / TET2PA / TET2PA / COU2CU / HEISCO / HEISCO / PRI2CO / QUARAS / INGAGO / SIMAAM / BROSAL
DBH CLASSES
rank / 10-50 / 51-100 / 101-150 / 151-200 / 201-250 / 251-300 / 301-350 / 351-400 / 401-450 / 451-2500
1 / HYBAPR / FARAOC / FARAOC / TRI2TU / TRI2TU / TRI2TU / TRI2TU / TRI2TU / TRI2TU / QUARAS
2 / FARAOC / TRI2TU / OENOMA / GUSTSU / GUSTSU / ALSEBL / ALSEBL / ALSEBL / ALSEBL / PRI2CO
3 / DES2PA / OENOMA / TRI2TU / ALSEBL / ALSEBL / VIROSE / QUARAS / QUARAS / QUARAS / JAC1CO
4 / TRI2TU / DES2PA / POULAR / FARAOC / VIROSE / GUSTSU / TAB2AR / TAB2AR / TAB2AR / ALSEBL
5 / MOURMY / HIRTTR / HIRTTR / HIRTTR / HIRTTR / HIRTTR / GUARGU / CECRIN / JAC1CO / TRI2TU
6 / ALSEBL / ALSEBL / SOCREX / VIROSE / QUARAS / QUARAS / VIROSE / PROTTE / ZANTBE / APEIME
7 / PSYCHO / SOROAF / ALSEBL / POULAR / PROTTE / CORDBI / CORDBI / TET2PA / CECRIN / BEILPE
8 / GAR2IN / POULAR / CORDLA / QUARAS / CORDBI / GUARGU / PROTTE / CORDBI / BEILPE / HURACR
9 / TET2PA / SWARS2 / VIROSE / DRYPST / GUARGU / POULAR / CECRIN / ZANTBE / TET2PA / VIROSU
10 / HIRTTR / HYBAPR / RANDAR / HEISCO / POULAR / PROTTE / TET2PA / BEILPE / POUTRE / TET2PA
Table C
Table D
acronym / species name / acronym / species nameALCHCO / Alchornea_costaricensis / JAC1CO / Jacaranda_copaia
ALSEBL / Alseis_blackiana / MOURMY / Mouriri_myrtilloides
APEIME / Apeiba_aspera / OENOMA / Oenocarpus_mapora
AST2GR / Astronium_graveolens / POULAR / Poulsenia_armata
BEILPE / Beilschmiedia_pendula / POUTRE / Pouteria_reticulata
BROSAL / Brosimum_alicastrum / PRI2CO / Prioria_copaifera
CECRIN / Cecropia_insignis / PROTTE / Protium_tenuifolium
CORDBI / Cordia_bicolor / PSYCHO / Psychotria_horizontalis
CORDLA / Cordia_lasiocalyx / QUARAS / Quararibea_asterolepis
COU2CU / Coussarea_curvigemmia / RANDAR / Randia_armata
DES2PA / Desmopsis_panamensis / SCH1ZO / Attalea_butyracea
DRYPST / Drypetes_standleyi / SIMAAM / Simarouba_amara
ELAEOL / Elaeis_oleifera / SOCREX / Socratea_exorrhiza
EUGEOE / Eugenia_oerstediana / SOROAF / Sorocea_affinis
FARAOC / Faramea_occidentalis / SWARS1 / Swartzia_simplex_var.grandiflora
GAR2IN / Garcinia_intermedia / SWARS2 / Swartzia_simplex_var.ochnacea
GUARGU / Guarea_guidonia / TAB2AR / Tabernaemontana_arborea
GUSTSU / Gustavia_superba / TACHVE / Tachigali_versicolor
HEISCO / Heisteria_concinna / TET2PA / Tetragastris_panamensis
HIRTTR / Hirtella_triandra / TRI2TU / Trichilia_tuberculata
HURACR / Hura_crepitans / TRIPCU / Triplaris_cumingiana
HYBAPR / Hybanthus_prunifolius / VIROSE / Virola_sebifera
INGAGO / Inga_goldmanii / VIROSU / Virola_surinamensis
ZANTBE / Zanthoxylum_ekmanii
Table A shows the top 10 species (based on stem count) for different layers are for the 8.6 area with aerial photographs and for the whole 50-ha plot. Tables B and C show the top 10 species (based on stem count) for different diameter DBH classes. Table D shows the full species name for the 6-letter acronyms in Tables A-C.
Table S4. Functional Group Composition of Different Layers and Size Categories for the 50-ha Area Covered the Whole Forest Dynamics Plot and Canopy Status was Determined from the PPA Model
8.6 Photo Areawhole forest / understory / canopy / trees ≥ 10 cm DBH
stems / basal area / stems / basal area / stems / basal area / ECA / stems / basal area
regeneration / gap / 5 / 27 / 4 / 9 / 21 / 34 / 34 / 16 / 30
requirement / intermediate / 5 / 19 / 5 / 10 / 14 / 23 / 23 / 12 / 21
shade / 88 / 48 / 90 / 76 / 54 / 38 / 36 / 64 / 43
NA / 2 / 6 / 1 / 5 / 11 / 5 / 7 / 7 / 6
adult / tall / 21 / 77 / 20 / 40 / 60 / 91 / 88 / 51 / 84
stature / mid-sized / 17 / 12 / 16 / 25 / 28 / 8 / 10 / 29 / 12
treelet / 34 / 9 / 35 / 28 / 11 / 1 / 2 / 19 / 4
shrub / 28 / 2 / 29 / 7 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
50 ha Whole Plot
whole forest / understory / canopy / trees ≥ 10 cm DBH
stems / basal area / stems / basal area / stems / basal area / ECA / stems / basal area
regeneration / gap / 5 (3) / 26 (8) / 5 (3) / 10 (5) / 19 (7) / 32 (11) / 32 (10) / 15 (7) / 29 (10)
requirement / intermediate / 5 (1) / 16 (7) / 5 (1) / 9 (4) / 11 (3) / 19 (9) / 19 (8) / 10 (3) / 17 (7)
shade-tolerant / 87 (4) / 52 (8) / 89 (4) / 75 (6) / 62 (9) / 43 (10) / 42 (9) / 65 (8) / 48 (9)
NA / 3 (1) / 6 (3) / 2 (1) / 6 (3) / 8 (4) / 6 (4) / 0 (0) / 10 (4) / 6 (4)
adult / tall / 26 (5) / 75 (5) / 24 (5) / 44 (10) / 55 (8) / 87 (5) / 82 (6) / 49 (5) / 82 (5)
stature / mid-sized / 20 (4) / 16 (4) / 19 (4) / 28 (6) / 31 (6) / 11 (5) / 14 (5) / 36 (6) / 15 (5)
treelet / 28 (6) / 7 (3) / 29 (7) / 21 (8) / 13 (6) / 2 (1) / 4 (2) / 15 (5) / 3 (1)
shrub / 27 (5) / 2 (1) / 28 (5) / 7 (2) / 0 (0) / 0 (0) / 0 (0) / 0 (0) / 0 (0)
Mean (standard deviation) of 50 1-ha subplots are reported.