BIO 2440 Study Guide Muse’s Lecture
Exam #3: Chapters 24 (digestion) Ch 25 (metabolism)
Chapter 26 (Urinary) and 27 (Acid-Base balance)
100 Multiple Choice Questions: and 1 essay question (50 pts)
Chapter 24 Digestive System (40 % of questions)
1. Organs of the digestive system (GI tract), their characteristics and functions: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (coecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon)
2. Accessory organs of the digestive system, their characteristics and functions: (liver, gall bladder, pancreas)
3. Functions of the digestive system
4. Histological layers general to GI tract: lamina propria, serosa, mucosa, adventitia, submucosa, muscularis layers
5. Function of the mesentery membrane.
6. Function of myenteric plexus. Role in peristalsis.
7. Define peristalsis, mass movement, segmentation
8. How the activities of the digestive tract are regulated: hormones, ANS, intrinsic nerve plexuses, etc.
9. Salivary glands, their locations and secretions
10. Process of deglutition
11. Cells of the stomach and their secretions.
12. Functions of enzymes associated with digestion, where they are secreted from? See table in text.
13. Function of lacteals and villi
14. Parts of the small intestine, their characteristics and their primary functions
15. Divisions of the large intestine
16. Where digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins begin and the enzymes that are involved.
17. Label parts on the diagram of a stomach. Where are the sphincter muscles located?
18. Where are the most nutrients absorbed?
19. Where is the most water absorbed?
Chapter 25 Metabolism (5% of questions)
20. Define metabolism, catabolism, anabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, substrate level phosphorylation
21. What occurs during glycolysis and where it takes place. Does it require oxygen?
22. The TCA cycle: where it occurs, how it begins, what is produces
23. What happens to a pyruvic acid molecule in the mitochondria
24. Where CO2 is formed during cellular respiration.
25. How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis, the TCA cycle and the ETC
26. How many NADH are produced in glycolysis, pyruvate to AcCoA, the TCA cycle?
27. What happens in the absence of oxygen?
28. Process of lipolysis
29. Process of beta-oxidation. Where do the products get used?
30. Essential fatty acids
31. Process of transamination
32. Conversion of ammonia
33. What occurs during the absorptive and post-absorptive phase
34. Major extracellular cation and intracellular cations
35. Functions of calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, phosphate, iodine, copper, zinc, cobalt
36. Functions of Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, folic acid.
Chapter 26 Urinary System (35 % of questions)
37. Functions of the Urinary System
38. Parts of the urinary system and their functions
39. Parts of the kidney and their functions
40. Parts of the nephron and their functions. Where does filtration take place, reabsorbtion, secretion?
41. The blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney including the glomerulus, afferent and efferent arterioles, arcuate artery, interlobar artery, renal artery, cortical radiate artery, peritubular capillary
42. What drives the process of filtration. How is GFR measured? What equation describes GFR?
43. How and where glucose is reabsorbed
44. How and where chloride ions are reabsorbed
45. The function of ADH, aldosterone, renin, angiotensin II
46. The epithelium of the ureters and urinary bladder
47. Function of the detrusor muscle
48. Approximate number of liters of glomerular filtrate each day (180 liters, 50 gallons)
49. Components of ECF
50. Ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid and in the extracellular fluid
51. Diagram of a nephron. Fill in relative osmolarities of filtrate, interstitial space and capillary plasma.
Show the directions of water, salt and metabolites in each section.
Chapter 27 Acid/Base balance and homeostasis 20% of questions
52. Causes of metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis
53. Responses to metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis
54. Define electrolytes, buffers, nonelectrolytes
55. How does the body compensate for an increase or decrease in pH?
The essay question will have you trace either the digestive system (GI) tract, or urinary system nephron, or cellular respiration from start to finish commenting on what happens at each portion along the way with particular attention to the role of membrane transport in each.
Study Recommendations:
This unit has a lot of material. Start early to avoid stress at the last minute. Turn off the radio and T.V.
Break it into parts to avoid burning out.
Step one: Make sure you have read the chapters. (allow 6 hours )
Step two: Review the Powerpoints from each chapter. (allow 6 hours)
Step three: Draw out the digestive system and label what happens where. Do the same for the nephron.
Label the places where things are absorbed and secreted and what hormones (adh, aldosterone) act where.
Have your peers review your work. Test yourself. See if you can answer those questions that periodically
pop up in the text (blue checkpoints) and check your answers in the appendix of the text.
Step four: Run through the following units on the IP CD: Digestive, Urinary, and Fluid and Electrolytes.
Step five: Run through this review sheet and write down the numbered points.
Which ones do you know, which ones don’t you know? Write and draw them out. Get a spiral
notebook and devote it to the test. Feed-back, until everything is clear.
Step six: The night before the test, get a good 8 hours of sleep and eat a good breakfast the day of the test