Review of Related Literature

Review of Related Literature

TheJackfruit(Artocarpus heterophyllus)is a species oftreein theArtocarpusgenus of themulberryfamily (Moraceae). It is native to parts ofSouthandSoutheast Asia, and is believed to have originated in the southwestern rain forests of India, in present-day Kerala, coastalKarnatakaandMaharashtra. This tree is widely cultivated in tropical regions ofIndia,Bangladesh,Sri Lanka, Vietnam,Thailand,Malaysia,Indonesiaand thePhilippines. Jackfruit is also found inEast Africa, e.g., inUganda,TanzaniaandMauritius, as well as throughoutBraziland Caribbean nations such asJamaica.

The jackfruit tree is well suited to tropicallowlands, and its fruit is the largest tree-borne fruit,reaching as much as 80 pounds (36kg) in weight and up to 36 inches (90cm) long and 20 inches (50cm) in diameter.

The Star Apple (Chrysophyllum cainito)is a tropical tree of the family Sapotaceae, native to the lowlands ofCentral Americaand theWest Indies. It grows rapidly and reaches 20 m in height.

It has numerous common names includingcainito,caimito,star apple,golden leaf tree,abiaba, pomme du lait,estrella,milk fruitandaguay. It is also known by thesynonymAchras cainito. In Vietnam, it is calledvú sữa (literally: breast-milk).

Theleavesareevergreen, alternate, simple oval, entire, 5–15cm long; the underside shines with a golden color when seen from a distance. The tinyflowersare purplish white and have a sweet fragrant smell. The tree is also hermaphroditic (self-fertile).

It has round, purple-skinnedfruit hat is often green around the calyx, with a star pattern in the pulp. Sometimes there is a greenish-white or yellow variety of the fruit. The skin is rich in latex, and both it and the rind are not edible. The flattenedseedsare light brown and hard. It bears fruit year around after it reaches about seven years of age.

ThePapaya(fromCaribviaSpanish),papaw,orpawpawis thefruitof the plantCarica papaya, the sole species in thegenusCaricaof the plant family Caricaceae. It is native to the tropics of theAmericas, and was first cultivated inMexico several centuries before the emergence of theMesoamerican classical civilizations.

The papaya is a largetree-likeplant, with a singlestemgrowing from 5 to 10 metres (16 to 33 ft) tall, with spirally arrangedleavesconfined to the top of the trunk. The lower trunk is conspicuouslyscarredwhere leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large, 50–70 centimetres (20–28 in)diameter, deeply palmatelylobed with 7 lobes. The tree is usually unbranched, unless lopped. Theflowersare similar in shape to the flowers of thePlumeria, but are much smaller andwax-like. They appear on theaxilsof the leaves, maturing into the large 15–45 centimetres (5.9–18 in) long, 10–30 centimetres (3.9–12 in) diameter fruit. The fruit isripewhen it feels soft (as soft as a ripeavocadoor a bit softer) and its skin has attained an amber to orange hue.

Carica papayawas the first transgenicfruit treeto have itsgenome deciphered.[2]

Related Study(s):

Combination of Durian Peeling (Durio kutejunsis), Gmelina Leaf (Gmelina arborea) and Talisay Leaf (Terminalia cattappa) Extract as pesticide to rice Black bugs (Scotinopara coartata).

Result(s) of the Study:

There were three groups being tested (Combination of Durian Peeling, Gmelina Leaf and Talisay Leaf in a 50-50 ratio diluted with water, 100% Combination of Durian Peeling, Gmelina Leaf and Talisay Leaf Extract, and Commercialized Pesticide.) The time of Application refers to the numbers of hours the experiment was conducted. Each group was given 30 Rice Black Bugs and the number of dead Rice black bugs was counted.

The results above is, !00% Combination of Durian Peeling, Gmelina Leaf and Talisay Leaf Extract has the greatest number and highest average of Dead Rice Black Bugs than in Combination of Durian Peeling, Gmelina Leaf and Talisay Leaf in a 50-50 ration diluted with water. It proves that the 100% Combination of Durian Peeling, Gmelina Leaf and Talisay Leaf Extract are much closer to the Commercialized Product.

References:

- http://www.proscitech.com.au/trop/j.htm,

- http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Artocarpus%20heterophyllus.htm

- http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/jackfruit.html

- http://www.exoticfruitx.com/2011/09/papaya-fruit-of-angels/

- http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080423/full/news.2008.772.html

- Luo X.D., Basile M.J., Kennelly E.J.,"Polyphenolic antioxidants from the fruits of Chrysophyllum cainito L. (Star Apple)." Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2002 50:6 (1379-1382)

- Einbond L.S., Reynertson K.A., Luo X.-D., Basile M.J., Kennelly E.J.,"Anthocyanin antioxidants from edible fruits"Food Chemistry2004 84:1 (23-28)

By:

CLYDE RUEMM JOSHUA Y. AGUILLON

ERIC JOHN G. CANANGCA-AN

IV - DARWIN