Supplementary Material Accompanying

Electronic Supplementary Material (on-line archive) accompanying:

Index of Alien Impact (IAI): A method for evaluating potential ecological impact of alien plant species

Appendix 1. Ecological Traits for 61 Alien and 2 Cryptogenic Species.

Appendix 1. Ecological Traits for 61 Alien and 2 Cryptogenic Species.

Table A1 References documenting which of 24 ecological traits (listed in Table 1 in the journal article)were present for each of 61 alien and 2 cryptogenic* species found along 35 wadeable streams of the John Day River basin. Taxonomy follows the PLANTS database (USDA and NRCS 2007). References are listed by first author and publication year; full citations are listed alphabetically following this table. For detailed descriptions of ecological traits, see Table 1 in the journal article.

Traits / Species names and references documenting the presence of specific ecological traits associated with each species.
Acroptilon repens (L.) DC.
Strongly clonal / Beck 2002, Carpenter 1998a, Cranston 2002, CWMA 2002, Hickman 1993, Parker 1972, Prather 2002, SAFRR 2000, Taylor 1990, UNR 2002, Watson 1980, Whitson 1999, Zouhar 2001a
Large propagule crop / Carpenter 1998a, Watson 1980, Zouhar 2001a
Small seeds/fruits / Carpenter 1998a, Hickman 1993, Parker 1972, SAFRR 2000, Watson 1980, Zouhar 2001a
Drought tolerant / Beck 2002, Carpenter 1998a, Taylor 1990, Watson 1980
Wide moisture regime / Beck 2002, Carpenter 1998a, CWMA 2002, Parker 1972, Taylor 1990, UNR 2002, Zouhar 2001a
Flooding/saturation tolerant / Beck 2002, Carpenter 1998a, CWMA 2002, Parker 1972, UNR 2002, Zouhar 2001a
Alkaline or saline tolerant / Beck 2002, Zouhar 2001a
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Carpenter 1998a, Parker 1972, Zouhar 2001a
Increases post-fire / Carpenter 1998a, Zouhar 2001a
Excretes salts or toxins / Beck 2002, Carpenter 1998a, Stermitz 2003, Watson 1980, Zouhar 2001a
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Beck 2002, Carpenter 1998a, Cranston 2002, SAFRR 2000, UNR 2002, Watson 1980, Whitson 1999, Zouhar 2001a
Invades in absence of human disturbance / Carpenter 1998a
Agrostis capillaris L.
Strongly clonal / Clampitt 1987, Cook 1998, Hickman 1993, Hill (no date), Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999
Large propagule crop / Boedeltje 2003, Peat 2005, USDA-NRCS 2004
Small seeds/fruits / Grime 1981, Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005
Dispersal over time / Grime 1979, Pakeman 1998, Peat 2005, Thompson 1993, Xiong 2001
Plasticity / Batson 1998, Cook 1998, Grime 1979, Hitchcock 1969, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003
Drought tolerant / Cook 1998, Jackson 1982
Wide moisture regime / Cook 1998, USDA-NRCS 2004
Flooding/saturation tolerant / Batson 1998, Hill (no date), Taylor 1983, USDA-NRCS 2004
Alkaline or saline tolerant / Peat 2005, USDA-NRCS 2004
Wide nutrient or soil texture ranges / Cook 1998, Hill (no date), Tilman 1999, Weber 2003
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Grime 1975, Grime 1979, Hill (no date), Hellström 2003, Valassis 1957
Increases post-fire / USDA-NRCS 2004, Wilson 1999
Alters soil stability / Weber 2003
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Hill (no date), Jackson 1982, Tilman 1999, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003
Invades in absence of human disturbance / Clampitt 1987, Jackson 1982
Agrostis gigantea Roth
Strongly clonal / Carey 1995, Casler 2003, Hickman 1993, Peat 2005, Taylor 1990, USDA-NRCS 2002a, USDA-NRCS 2004
Large propagule crop / Peat 2005, USDA-NRCS 2004
Small seeds/fruits / Grime 1981, Hickman 1993, USDA-NRCS 2002a
Dispersal over time / Carey 1995, Oosting 1940, Peat 2005
Plasticity / Casler 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004
Wide moisture regime / Carey 1995, USDA-NRCS 2002a, USDA-NRCS 2004
Flooding/saturation tolerant / Carey 1995, Frenkel 1978, Leege 1981, USDA-NRCS 2004
Wide light regime / Carey 1995
Alkaline or saline tolerant / Casler 2003, Frenkel 1978
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Carey 1995, USDA-NRCS 2002a, USDA-NRCS 2004
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Carey 1995, Clary 1995, Leege 1981
Increases post-fire / Carey 1995, Swan 1970, USDA-NRCS 2004
Alters soil stability / Carey 1995, Casler 2003, USDA-NRCS 2002a
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Carey 1995
Invades in absence of human disturbance / Frenkel 1978
Alopecurus pratensis L.
Strongly clonal / Crowe 1997, Hitchcock 1969, PU 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004
Large propagule crop / Boedeltje 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004
Small seeds/fruits / Hitchcock 1969, PU 2002
Plasticity / PU 2002
Drought tolerant / Morisawa 1999, PU 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004
Wide moisture regime / Morisawa 1999, PU 2002, USDA-NRCS 2004
Flooding/saturation tolerant / Clary 1995, Hitchcock 1969, Morisawa 1999, PU 2002
Wide light regime / Morisawa 1999, PU 2002
Alkaline or saline tolerant / Morisawa 1999, PU 2002
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Morisawa 1999, PU 2002
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Clary 1995, Morisawa 1999
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / PU 2002
Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L.
Small seeds/fruits / Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005
Animal dispersal / Peat 2005
Drought tolerant / Hitchcock 1969, Whitson 1999
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Peat 2005
Anthriscus caucalis Bieb.
Small seeds/fruits / Hawkes 1989, Hickman 1993, Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005
Dispersal over time / Peat 2005
Animal dispersal / Hawkes 1989, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005, Whitson 1999
Flooding/saturation tolerant / Hawkes 1989, Hitchcock 1969
Wide light regime / Hickman 1993
Increases post-fire / Wilson 1999
Arctium minus Bernh.
Large propagule crop / Gross 1980
Small seeds/fruits / Hickman 1993
Animal dispersal / Gross 1980, Taylor 1990, Whitson 1999
Plasticity / Gross 1980
Wide moisture regime / Gross 1980
Flooding/saturation tolerant / Gross 1980
Wide light regime / Gross 1980
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Gross 1980
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Gross 1980
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. ex J.& K. Presl
Strongly clonal / Wilson 1998, Wilson 2001
Large propagule crop / Boedeltje 2003, Grime 1979, USDA-NRCS 2004
Small seeds/fruits / Weber 2003, Weiller 1995-
Specialized dispersal / Weber 2003, Whitson 1999
Water dispersal / Boedeltje 2003
Plasticity / FAO 2005, Hickman 1993, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003, Wilson 2001
Drought tolerant / FAO 2005, Weiller 1995-
Wide light regime / USDA-NRCS 2004
Wide nutrient or soil texture / FAO 2005, USDA-NRCS 2002b, USDA-NRCS 2004
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Grime 1979
Increases post-fire / USDA-NRCS 2004
Alters soil stability / Hickman 1993, USDA-NRCS 2002b, Weber 2003
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Weber 2003, Wilson 1998, Wilson 2001
Invades in absence of human disturbance / Weber 2003, Wilson 2001
Bromus briziformis Fisch. & C.A. Mey.
Drought tolerant / Robocker 1973, USDA-NRCS 2004
Wide nutrient or soil texture / USDA-NRCS 2004
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Hitchcock 1969, Taylor 1990
Bromus racemosus L.
Large propagule crop / Howard 1994
Animal dispersal / Howard 1994
Drought tolerant / FAO 2005, Howard 1994, Howard 1998
Wide moisture regime / Howard 1994
Flooding/saturation tolerant / Howard 1994
Wide nutrient or soil texture / FAO 2005, Howard 1994, Howard 1998
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Green 1995, Howard 1994, Howard 1998
Increases post-fire / Howard 1998
Alters hydrology / Howard 1994
Alters nutrient cycling / Howard 1994
Bromus inermis Leyss. ssp. inermis
Strongly clonal / Bush 2002a, Hickman 1993, Howard 1996, Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003
Large propagule crop / Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004
Animal dispersal / Sather 1987
Plasticity / Howard 1996, Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003
Drought tolerant / Bush 2002a, Howard 1996, Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004
Wide moisture regime / Howard 1996, Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004
Flooding/saturation tolerant / Howard 1996, Sather 1987
Alkaline or saline tolerant / Howard 1996, Sather 1987, Weber 2003
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Howard 1996
Increases post-fire / Howard 1996, Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004
Alters soil stability / Bush 2002a, Hickman 1993, Howard 1996
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Bush 2002a, Howard 1996, Sather 1987, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003
Bromus sterilis L.
Large propagule crop / Cooper 2000, Kleeman 2004, Kon 1988
Dispersal over time / Cooper 2000, Kleeman 2004
Animal dispersal / Clapham 1987, Cooper 2000, Kleeman 2004
Plasticity / Kleeman 2004, Kon 1988
Drought tolerant / Clapham 1987, Cooper 2000, Kie 1988, Kleeman 2004, PFAF 1997-2001, YCRCD 1997-2004
Wide moisture regime / UCIPM 2004
Wide light regime / Theaker 1995
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Cooper 2000, Kleeman 2004, PFAF 1997-2001
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Grime 1979
Alters hydrology / Kleeman 2004
Alters nutrient cycling / Cooper 2000, Dastgheib 2003, Kleeman 2004
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Clapham 1987, Kie 1988
Bromus tectorum L.
Large propagule crop / Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Weber 2003, Young 2000, Zouhar 2003a
Dispersal over time / Pellant 1996
Wind dispersal / APRS 2000, Carpenter 1999, Upadhyaya 1986, Young 2000
Animal dispersal / APRS 2000, Carpenter 1999, Neese 2000, Upadhyaya 1986, Young 2000
Plasticity / Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Weber 2003
Drought tolerant / APRS 2000, Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Neese 2000, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Weber 2003, Young 2000
Wide nutrient or soil texture / APRS 2000, Carpenter 1999, Upadhyaya 1986, Zouhar 2003a
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Carpenter 1999, Neese 2000, Taylor 1990, Upadhyaya 1986, Zouhar 2003a
Increases post-fire / APRS 2000, Carpenter 1999, Neese 2000, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Young 2000, Zouhar 2003a
Alters hydrology / APRS 2000, Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Neese 2000, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999, Young 2000, Zouhar 2003a
Alters nutrient cycling / Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Pellant 1996
Alters fire regime / Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Neese 2000, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999, Young 2000, Zouhar 2003a
Alters soil stability / Carpenter 1999, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Neese 2000, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Young 2000, Zouhar 2003a
Invades in absence of human disturbance / Carpenter 1999, Evans 2001, Pellant 1996, Upadhyaya 1986, Weber 2003
Centaurea solstitialis L.
Large propagule crop / DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Sheley 1999, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a
Small seeds/fruits / DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Hickman 1993, Prather 2002, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a
Dispersal over time / DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Zouhar 2002a
Wind dispersal / DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Sheley 1999, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a
Animal dispersal / DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Sheley 1999, Zouhar 2002a
Plasticity / Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a
Drought tolerant / DiTomaso 1999, DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Prather 2002, Sheley 1999, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a
Grazing tolerant or increaser / DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000
Increases post-fire / DiTomaso 1999, DiTomaso 2001, Zouhar 2002a
Alters hydrology / DiTomaso 2000, DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a
Alters fire regime / Zouhar 2002a
Excretes salts or toxins / Zouhar 2002a
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / DiTomaso 2001, Gerlach 2000, Sheley 1999, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a
Invades in absence of human disturbance / DiTomaso 1999, DiTomaso 2001, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002a
Centaurea L.
Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. vulgare (Hartman) Greuter & Burdet
Strongly clonal / Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005, Taylor 1990
Large propagule crop / Boedeltje 2003, Peat 2005
Small seeds/fruits / Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005
Dispersal over time / Peat 2005
Plasticity / Hitchcock 1969
Drought tolerant / Peat 2005
Wide moisture regime / Peat 2005
Flooding/saturation tolerant / Hickman 1993
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Peat 2005
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Hellström 2003, Pakeman 2004
Invades in absence of human disturbance / Ryan 2003
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
Strongly clonal / APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Crowe 1997, Hickman 1993, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Prather 2002, Stritzke (no date), Taylor 1990, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999, Zouhar 2001b
Large propagule crop / APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2001b
Small seeds/fruits / APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Hickman 1993, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Prather 2002, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999
Dispersal over time / Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997
Wind dispersal / Andersen 1995, APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Hickman 1993, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Prather 2002, Taylor 1990, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2001b
Animal dispersal / Andersen 1995
Water dispersal / APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Boedeltje 2003, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Zouhar 2001b
Plasticity / Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Weber 2003
Drought tolerant / APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Prather 2002
Wide moisture regime / APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Prather 2002, Zouhar 2001b
Flooding/saturation tolerant / APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Nuzzo 1997, Prather 2002, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2001b
Alkaline or saline tolerant / APRS 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997
Wide nutrient or soil texture / APRS 2000, Nuzzo 1997, Zouhar 2001b
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Bayer 2000, Crowe 1997, Nuzzo 1997, Zouhar 2001b
Increases post-fire / Zouhar 2001b
Alters hydrology / Bayer 2000, Moore 1975
Alters nutrient cycling / Bayer 2000, Moore 1975
Excretes salts or toxins / APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Bayer 2000, Moore 1975, Nuzzo 1997, Prather 2002, Weber 2003
Invades in absence of human disturbance / APRS 2000, Bayer 2000, Nuzzo 1997, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2001b
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
Large propagule crop / APRS 2000, Beck 1999, Randall 2000, Zouhar 2002b
Small seeds/fruits / Beck 1999, Hickman 1993, Randall 2000, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002b
Wind dispersal / APRS 2000, Beck 1999, Hickman 1993, Randall 2000, Taylor 1990, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002b
Animal dispersal / Beck 1999
Water dispersal / Beck 1999, Weber 2003
Drought tolerant / Beck 1999, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002b
Wide moisture regime / Beck 1999, Zouhar 2002b
Alkaline or saline tolerant / Randall 2000, Zouhar 2002b
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Beck 1999, Zouhar 2002b
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Beck 1999, Bullock 1994, Randall 2000, Medlin (no date), Zouhar 2002b
Increases post-fire / Zouhar 2002b, Zouhar 2002c
Alters hydrology / Randall 2000
Alters nutrient cycling / Randall 2000, Zouhar 2002b
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Randall 2000, Weber 2003
Invades in absence of human disturbance / Randall 2000, Weber 2003, Zouhar 2002b
Cynoglossum officinale L.
Large propagule crop / APRS 2000, Upadhyaya 1988, Zouhar 2002c
Specialized dispersal / Upadhyaya 1988, Zouhar 2002c
Animal dispersal / APRS 2000, Taylor 1990, Upadhyaya 1988, Whitson 1999, Zouhar 2002c
Drought tolerant / APRS 2000, Upadhyaya 1988, Zouhar 2002c
Wide moisture regime / Zouhar 2002c
Wide light regime / Zouhar 2002c
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Upadhyaya 1988
Grazing tolerant or increaser / APRS 2000, Upadhyaya 1988, Zouhar 2002c
Alters hydrology / APRS 2000, Upadhyaya 1988
Alters nutrient cycling / APRS 2000, Upadhyaya 1988
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / APRS 2000, Upadhyaya 1988, Zouhar 2002c
Invades in absence of human disturbance / Zouhar 2002c
Dactylis glomerata L.
Strongly clonal / Hickman 1993, Sullivan 1992a
Large propagule crop / Boedeltje 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003
Small seeds/fruits / Bush 2000, Bush 2003, Weber 2003
Wind dispersal / Weber 2003
Animal dispersal / Weber 2003
Water dispersal / Boedeltje 2003, Weber 2003
Plasticity / Bush 2000, Bush 2003, Grime 1979, Haubensak 1999a, Sullivan 1992a, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003
Wide moisture regime / Bush 2000, Bush 2003, USDA-NRCS 2004
Flooding/saturation tolerant / Weber 2003
Wide light regime / Sullivan 1992a, USDA-NRCS 2004
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Haubensak 1999a
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Grime 1979, Lacey 2002, Sullivan 1992a
Increases post-fire / Sullivan 1992a, USDA-NRCS 2004
Alters soil stability / Bush 2000, Bush 2003, Sullivan 1992a
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Bush 2000, Bush 2003, Weber 2003
Dipsacus fullonum L.
Large propagule crop / Weber 2003, Werner 1975
Small seeds/fruits / Weber 2003, Werner 1975
Dispersal over time / Werner 1975
Specialized dispersal / Werner 1975
Water dispersal / Weber 2003, Werner 1975
Wide moisture regime / Werner 1975
Flooding/saturation tolerant / Weber 2003, Werner 1975, Whitson 1999, Howard 1992
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Weber 2003, Werner 1975
Invades in absence of human disturbance / Weber 2003
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait.
Dispersal over time / Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004
Specialized dispersal / APRS 2000, Hawkes 1989, Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004
Animal dispersal / Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004, Taylor 1990
Plasticity / Hawkes 1989, Weber 2003
Drought tolerant / APRS 2000, Hawkes 1989, Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004, Taylor 1990, Weber 2003
Wide moisture regime / Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004
Wide light regime / Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004
Increases post-fire / Howard 1992, Schiffman 2004
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Hawkes 1989, Schiffman 2004, Weber 2003
Invades in absence of human disturbance / Schiffman 2004, Weber 2003
Euphorbia esula L.
Strongly clonal / Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000, Prather 2002, Simonin 2000, Taylor 1990, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999
Large propagule crop / Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Taylor 1990
Small seeds/fruits / APRS 2000, Best 1980, Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Kreps 2000, Simonin 2000, Weber 2003
Dispersal over time / Kreps 2000, Simonin 2000
Specialized dispersal / Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000, Prather 2002, Simonin 2000, Whitson 1999
Animal dispersal / Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000, Simonin 2000
Water dispersal / Biesboer 1996, Simonin 2000
Plasticity / APRS 2000, Weber 2003
Drought tolerant / Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000, Prather 2002, Taylor 1990, Weber 2003
Wide moisture regime / Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000, Prather 2002
Flooding/saturation tolerant / APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000, Prather 2002
Wide light regime / Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Kreps 2000
Wide nutrient or soil texture / APRS 2000, Biesboer 1996
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Anonymous 2005, Best 1980, Hirsch 1998, Kreps 2000, Prather 2002
Increases post-fire / APRS 2000, Simonin 2000
Alters hydrology / Anonymous 2005, Kreps 2000
Alters nutrient cycling / Anonymous 2005
Alters fire regime / Simonin 2000
Alters soil stability / Hirsch 1998
Excretes salts or toxins / Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Kreps 2000
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Anonymous 2005, APRS 2000, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Hirsch 1998, Kreps 2000, Weber 2003
Invades in absence of human disturbance / Anonymous 2005, Best 1980, Biesboer 1996, Hirsch 1998, Kreps 2000, Simonin 2000, Weber 2003
Festuca rubra L.*
Strongly clonal / Crowe 1997, Hickman 1993, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995a
Large propagule crop / USDA-NRCS 2004
Plasticity / Hickman 1993, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995a
Drought tolerant / USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995a
Wide moisture regime / Frenkel 1978, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995a
Flooding/saturation tolerant / Campbell 1988, Frenkel 1978, Taylor 1983, Walsh 1995a
Wide light regime / USDA-NRCS 2002c, USDA-NRCS 2004
Alkaline or saline tolerant / Campbell 1988, Frenkel 1978, Hickman 1993, Taylor 1983, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995a
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Fransen 2001, USDA-NRCS 2004, Walsh 1995a
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Fransen 2001, Grime 1979, Hellström 2003, Walsh 1995a
Increases post-fire / Walsh 1995a, Wilson 1999, Wilson 1999
Alters soil stability / Crowe 1997, USDA-NRCS 2002c, Walsh 1995a
Excretes salts or toxins / Walsh 1995a
Invades in absence of human disturbance / Frenkel 1978
Holcus lanatus L.
Strongly clonal / Hawkes 1989, Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988
Large propagule crop / Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988, Weber 2003
Small seeds/fruits / Hickman 1993, Thompson 1988, USDA-NRCS 2004
Dispersal over time / Grime 1979, Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988
Wind dispersal / Thompson 1988, Weber 2003
Plasticity / Grime 1979, Thompson 1988
Wide moisture regime / Cook 1998, Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988, USDA-NRCS 2004
Flooding/saturation tolerant / Pitcher 1988, Taylor 1983, Thompson 1988, Weber 2003
Wide light regime / Pitcher 1988, USDA-NRCS 2004
Alkaline or saline tolerant / Thompson 1988
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988, USDA-NRCS 2004, Weber 2003
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Grime 1979, Hawkes 1989, Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988, USDA-NRCS 2004
Alters soil stability / Thompson 1988, Weber 2003
Excretes salts or toxins / Grime 1979, Pitcher 1988
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Pitcher 1988, Thompson 1988, Weber 2003
Invades in absence of human disturbance / Weber 2003
Hordeum murinum L. ssp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev
Large propagule crop / Dean 1990
Wind dispersal / Weber 2003
Animal dispersal / Dean 1990, Weber 2003
Plasticity / Dean 1990, Maron 2004
Drought tolerant / Dean 1990, Weber 2003
Wide light regime / Dean 1990
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Dean 1990
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Dean 1990, Grime 1979
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Dean 1990, Weber 2003
Hypericum perforatum L.
Strongly clonal / APRS 2000, Maron 2004, Taylor 1990, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999
Large propagule crop / APRS 2000, Weber 2003, Whitson 1999
Small seeds/fruits / Hickman 1993, Weber 2003
Dispersal over time / APRS 2000, Grime 1979
Water dispersal / APRS 2000, Weber 2003
Drought tolerant / APRS 2000
Grazing tolerant or increaser / APRS 2000, Taylor 1990
Increases post-fire / APRS 2000, Weber 2003, Wilson 1999
Forms monocultures or near monocultures / Weber 2003
Lactuca serriola L.
Large propagule crop / Weaver 2003, Whitson 1999
Small seeds/fruits / Hickman 1993, Weaver 2003, Wilken 1998a
Wind dispersal / Hickman 1993, Taylor 1990, Weaver 2003, Wilken 1998a
Plasticity / Weaver 2003, Whitson 1999, Wilken 1998a
Drought tolerant / Weaver 2003
Wide moisture regime / Weaver 2003
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Lacey 2002, Weaver 2003
Lepidium campestre (L.) Ait. f.
Small seeds/fruits / Hickman 1993, Hitchcock 1969, Peat 2005
Dispersal over time / Peat 2005
Animal dispersal / Peat 2005
Drought tolerant / Hitchcock 1969
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Peat 2005
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.
Strongly clonal / Alvarez 2000, Clements 2004, Cranston 2002, Olson 1997, Olson 1999, OMAF 2002, Rutledge 1998, Taylor 1990, Whitson 1999, WSNWCB 2002
Large propagule crop / Alvarez 2000, Clements 2004, Mitch 2000, Olson 1997, Olson 1999, Rutledge 1998, WSNWCB 2002
Small seeds/fruits / Alvarez 2000, Clements 2004, Hickman 1993
Dispersal over time / Alvarez 2000, Mitch 2000
Wind dispersal / Olson 1999, WSNWCB 2002
Animal dispersal / Alvarez 2000, Andersen 1995, Clements 2004, Mitch 2000, Olson 1999, WSNWCB 2002
Plasticity / Clements 2004
Drought tolerant / Clements 2004, Mitch 2000, Olson 1999
Wide moisture regime / Alvarez 2000, Clements 2004, Mitch 2000, Olson 1999, WSNWCB 2002
Wide light regime / Alvarez 2000, Clements 2004, USDA-NRCS 2004
Alkaline or saline tolerant / Clements 2004
Wide nutrient or soil texture / Clements 2004, Mitch 2000, Olson 1999, USDA-NRCS 2004, WSNWCB 2002
Grazing tolerant or increaser / Alvarez 2000, Clements 2004, Cranston 2002, Mitch 2000, Olson 1997, Olson 1999, Taylor 1990, USDA-NRCS 2004, WSNWCB 2002