AP Biology
Chapter 31 – Immune System
Reading Guide
Chapter 31
The Lymphatic and Immune System
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1. What are the three general phases of defensive responses (see Table 31.1)?
2. Distinguish between the two general types of defense mechanisms: innate and adaptive.
3. How do the two major classes of white blood cells, phagocytes and lymphocytes, function in defense?.
4. The immune system is composed of the innate (non-specific) and acquired (adaptive) responses. Give examples of the following innate defenses below. Why are these considered non-specific?
a. Physical Barriers
b. Protective Proteins
c. Inflammation
d. Phagocytes
5. Describe the sequence of events that occurs during inflammation. What is the purpose of increasing blood flow to the site? What are chemokines?
6. Describe the process of phagocytosis.
7. Define immunity.
8. What is the key difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
9. In order to obtain adaptive immunity – what four features must we consider?
10. Define antigen and antigenic determinate.
11. Could a particular molecule have many antigenic sites?
12. What are the three phases of an adaptive immune response?
13. Define each of the following components of the adaptive immune system:
a. Antibodies
b. MHC
c. T cell receptors
14. What are the two main types of lymphocytes?
15. Summarize the events of Humoral (B-cell) Immunity and Cellular (T-cell) immunity.
16. What are the B-cell receptors for antigens called? Describe their structure? Describe the difference between the variable and constant region.
17. How are B-cells and antibodies presented with antigen? What happens when a pathogen becomes tagged by an antibody?
18. What are the T-cell receptors for antigens called? Describe their structure.
19. Describe how antigen is presented to T-cells versus B-cells.
20. Describe the responses that occur in T versus B cells when their antigen receptors encounter antigen. How do these responses provide for memory against infection by the same pathogen?
21. How do T and B cells complement each other in the immune system?
22. Lymphocytes are born in the bone marrow and proceed to the thymus for maturation. It is here that each B and T cell produces its unique TCR or antibody and those that recognize ‘self’ are eliminated. This is a process known as self-tolerance. You should have a general understanding of the process and know the roles of the MHC in this process.
23. How does immune system distinguish ‘self’ from ‘non-self’? What is the MHC complex?
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