In-text Citations
Print source with known author (such as a book):
Golding states that “Jack had lost all touch with civilization” (87).
Much to the detriment of Piggy, “Jack had lost all touch with civilization” (Golding 87).
Note that the page number is always listed in the parentheses. If the author’s name is not mentioned in the sentence with the quote, it must also be placed within the parentheses.
Print source with no known author:
The hardest part of staying awake “is resisting the automatic, natural tendencies of the brain” (“How to Fight Sleep” 6).
Until you try it for yourself, “the feeling of skydiving simply cannot be explained” (A Skydiver’s Memoir 48).
When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number.
Indirect sources:
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).
Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited in another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.
Non-print (film, podcast, etc.) or Internet source:
Dr. Nelson explains that “psychopaths possess cerebral cortexes that are different from normal people” (“The Violence Within Us”).
This example is a quote from a podcast. The podcast is called “The Violence Within Us.” Note that the title of the podcast is in quotation marks even within the parentheses.
Even if you are a first-timer, cooking can be “a magical, life-changing experience” (“How to Cook”)
This example is from an Internet article with an unknown author entitled “How to Cook.” You do not have to cite the paragraph number.
Becoming an ER nurse is a “challenging but rewarding career” (Johnson).
This example is from an Internet article with a known author (Johnson).
Interviews:
Rhonda Wilson, a practicing psychotherapist, told me that the most challenging part of her job is “seeing people suffer and not always being able to do something to help.”
Since her name is already mentioned in the introduction of the quote, no further citation is needed, as “Wilson, Rhonda. Personal interview. 3 March 2015” will be on your Works Cited page.
According to a practicing psychotherapist, the most challenging part of the job is “seeing people suffer and not always being able to do something to help” (Wilson).
Since Wilson is not mentioned in the introduction of the quote, her last name must be cited.
Using Block Quotes
When quoting more than 4 lines of prose, place quotation in a free-standing block of text and omit question marks. Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indentedone inchfrom the left margin; maintain double-spacing. Only indent the first line of the quotation by an additional quarter inch if you are citing multiple paragraphs. Your parenthetical citation should comeafterthe closing punctuation mark.
Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:
They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)
A good overall rule to remember when in doubt: Whatever is listed first on the Works Cited page for the source (author’s last name, book/article name, etc.) should be what is written in the parentheses of your in-text citation.