ZAMBIA DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
INVESTORS GUIDE HANDBOOK
CONTACT ADDRESS
Zambia Development Agency
Privatization House
Nasser Road
P. O. Box 30819
LUSAKA - ZAMBIA
Tel: +260 211 220177
Fax: +260 211 225270
E-mail:
Web Site: www.zda.org.zm
August, 2010
Table of Contents
Page
CHAPTER ONE
ZAMBIA PROFILE 4
Description of Zambia
Political and Legal System
Economy
CHAPTER TWO
INVESTMENT CLIMATE 9
Reasons for Investing in Zambia
Investment Incentives
Legal Framework for Protection of Investment
CHAPTER THREE
IMPORT AND EXPORT CONSIDERATIONS 18
Import Procedures
Export Procedures
Regional Agreements
CHAPTER FOUR
TAXATION 22
Tax System
Corporate Tax
Personal Income Tax
Value Added Tax
Double Taxation Agreements
CHAPTER FIVE
REGISTRATION, LICENCES AND PERMITS 24
Company Formation and Registration
The Investment Certificate
Sector Licences / Permits
Other Licences
CHAPTER SIX
LABOUR CONSIDERATIONS 30
Labour Availability
Labour
Labour Laws and Regulations
Working Conditions
CHAPTER SEVEN
LAND 34
Land Availability
Land Acquisition and Transfer
CHAPTER EIGHT
LIVING IN ZAMBIA 37
Climate
Housing
Travel and Vehicles
Health
Education
Clothing
Shopping
Leisure Activities
Money and Banks
Re-entry Requirements
General
CHAPTER NINE
GROWTH SECTORS FOR INVESTMENT 40
Manufacturing
Agriculture
Mining
Tourism
Energy
Others
APPENDICES
Zambia at a Glance 42
Gross Domestic Product by Kind of Economic Activity 43
Useful Contact Addresses 44
CHAPTER ONE
ZAMBIA PROFILE
DESCRIPTION OF ZAMBIA
Located in the Southern Africa Sub-region, Zambia is a landlocked country covering an area of 752,614 km2. It is bordered by Tanzania (in the North), Malawi (in the East), Mozambique (in the South-East), Zimbabwe (in the South) Botswana and Namibia (in the South-West), Angola (in the West) and the Democratic Republic of Congo (in the North-West).
The country has an estimated population of 12.8 million (2009 estimate) and its annual population growth rate is estimated at 3.1 percent. It is estimated that about 46% of the population, representing an active and productive workforce, are between 15 and 64 years of age.
POLITICAL AND LEGAL SYSTEM
A multi-party democratic system of government with a distinct separation of powers between the legislative (parliament), executive (cabinet) and judiciary (courts of law) organs of Government govern Zambia. Zambia's main political parties include the ruling Movement for Multi Party Democracy (MMD), the Patriotic Front (PF), and the United Party for National Development (UPND). Other smaller parties include, the United National Independence Party (UNIP), Forum for Democracy and Development and Heritage Party.
Both the president (who must belong to a registered political party) and members of parliament are elected by the people and the president appoints, from within elected and nominated members of parliament, the cabinet ministers.
The parliament, headed by the Speaker of the National Assembly, comprises 150 elected members and up to 8 members nominated by the president. The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal and is headed by the Chief Justice.
THE ECONOMY
The country’s economy has historically been based on the copper mining industry. However the Zambian government is undertaking economic diversification to reduce the economy’s reliance on the copper industry and exploit other components of Zambia’s rich resource base by promoting agriculture, tourism, gemstone mining, and hydro-power. To this effect Government has established liberalized market-led economic policies aimed at facilitating a private sector- led economic development. Achieving targeted macroeconomic objectives is also on top of government agenda to ensure that economic diversification and expansion is attainable and sustained. The country’s macroeconomic objectives are to: achieve a real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of at least 5.0 percent, bring down inflation to 8 percent and limit. The estimated GDP per capita in 2009 was US $ 1,100
GDP BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
Zambia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2009 was USD 14.1 billion, with the main contributors to the GDP in 2009 being: agriculture (20%), wholesale and retail trade (15%), construction (11%), and manufacturing (9%). Growth sectors presently being promoted by the Government comprise the mining, agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism sectors.
These sectors have experienced exponential growth in recent years, and are expected to continue this trend in future due to the numerous investment opportunities currently available in the country.
SECTORAL DESCRIPTION
MINING
Zambia has an abundance of known mineral deposits. The country is the world’s fourth largest producer of copper and holds six percent of the world’s known reserves thereof. Copper and cobalt, as the country's traditional exports account for well over 70 percent of export earnings. Opportunities for the exploitation of other minerals have been identified. These include gold and gemstones (e.g emeralds, aquamarine, topaz, opal, agate and amethysts). Diamond reserves have also been identified. Zambia produces over 20% of the world’s emeralds.
AGRICULTURE
Government regards the growth of the agricultural sector as a crucial element in enhancing Zambia’s foreign exchange earnings and economic development. Although the agricultural sector employs more than half of the total labour force, only 15 percent of the arable land is under cultivation. It is because of this potential that the government encourages investment in commercial farming. As the country is looking to diversify the economy away from copper, sectors such as agriculture appear promising due to the natural potential the country has in agriculture production, which has not been fully exploited over the years. The sector has been performing poorly in recent years due to high input costs, inadequate infrastructure and low private investment in the sector. However to turn this around, the Government has increased its allocation of funding to the sector to address some of these constraints.
MANUFACTURING
The government has been forceful in introducing policies to stimulate economic growth and specifically in the manufacturing sector. The main emphasis has been on food processing and textile production. The growth potential in other industries is vast. Support measures designed to aid manufacturing enterprises in non-traditional sectors are being implemented. The manufacturing sector contributed 9 percent to GDP in 2009. The largest contribution came from the Food, Beverages and Tobacco sub-sector.
The Government has been working at expanding the country’s manufacturing base by reducing the cost of doing business through various initiatives. Currently, the Government is promoting the establishment of multi-facility economic zones (MFEZ) by providing fiscal incentives, quality infrastructure and a conducive regulatory environment, to developers of these zones.
TOURISM
The vast potential in the tourism sector in Zambia, with its natural beauty (including the Victoria Falls, which is one of the most renowned beautiful transcendental Seven Natural Wonders of the World) and the wealth of wildlife have yet to be fully exploited. Zambia has 19 national parks and 34 game management areas with a total of 65,000 km2 set aside for wildlife conservation.
The main constraints facing the tourism industry include relatively underdeveloped infrastructure as well as inadequate supply of competitive accommodation. This is one of the areas that offer great potential to investors.
The tourism industry has grown over the past 3 years, contributing an average of 2 percent to GDP. Increasing interest from foreign investors is evident with the establishment of hotels in the major tourist town of Livingstone and the city of Lusaka.
ABUNDANT WATER
Zambia has an abundant supply of reliable water, with 45 percent of the total water resources of the Southern African Region found in Zambia, thus providing massive investment opportunities for hydro-electric power, irrigated agriculture, home and industrial use (through the Build Operate, Build Own Operate & Transfer schemes). In areas where surface water is inadequate, underground water resources are used at no great cost.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Road network
The government of Zambia has embarked on the process of rehabilitating the road network, which covers 38,763 km of which 6,173 km are bitumen, 8,592 km gravel and 23,998 km is unclassified. A five and ten year Road Sector Investment Programme, estimated at US $ 411.9 million and US $ 860.3 million respectively, has continued to generate interest from the multilateral and bilateral agencies as well as the private sector.
Rail network
Rail network remains the dominant mode of transportation (83.4%) for goods on the local and international routes. However, the infrastructure requires urgent rehabilitation, and with the support from Donors, the formerly state-owned Zambia Railways was privatized through a 25-year concession to Railway Systems of Zambia. Another major rail line links Zambia with Tanzania, is jointly owned by the Zambian and Tanzanian governments and is run by Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA). The Chipata-Mchinji Railway is under construction and will link Zambia with Malwi and Mozambique.
Airports
Zambia has more than 130 airfields, one third of which are Government-owned while the rest are privately owned. The Lusaka and Livingstone International Airports are Zambia’s main airports connecting the country with the region and the rest of the world. The smaller airports include Ndola, on the Copperbelt province and Mfuwe, in the Luangwa National Park.
ENERGY
With its vast water resources and coal reserves, Zambia offers abundant investment opportunities for hydroelectric power generation, supply and distribution. The country has well over 1,750 MW of hydroelectric generating capacity. Proven coal reserves exceed 30 million tonnes and satisfy 9% of energy demand. The sector is regulated by the Energy Regulations Board, a statutory body established by an Act of Parliament.
Hydro-electricity is mainly supplied and distributed by the Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation (ZESCO) – a statutory body whose operations were commercialized in 2006.
The country's only major energy import is petroleum, which satisfies 12% of total energy demand.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Zambia is a member of INTELSAT and accesses an earth satellite station, which provides telex, telephone (direct-dial) and television links with the rest of the world. The country also enjoys state-of the-art electronic mail and Internet facilities. The sector is regulated by the Zambia Information and Communications Authority of Zambia - a statutory body established by an Act of Parliament.
The Telecommunication infrastructure is relatively developed and includes optic fibre network operated by three companies - the Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation (ZESCO), the Copperbelt Energy Corporation (CEC) and the Zambia Telecommunications Company (ZAMTEL). The entire network by the three companies is to connect Zambia to the undersea cable through the EAssy Project or the SAT 3 cable of the west coast side of Africa through Namibia/Angola, and also interconnect to Zambia’s eight (08) neighboring countries.
There are currently 3 companies providing mobile telephone services namely Zain, MTN and Cell-Z (a mobile segment of ZAMTEL) – all of them now privately owned, following the recent privatization of the formerly state owned ZAMTEL.
International call rates reduced substantially by over 70 percent following the reduction of the international gateway fees by the Zambian Government from US$ 12 million to US$ 350,000, in a bid to attract international investment in the country’s telecom sector and reduce the high cost of communications.
HEALTH
Government and private hospitals and clinics provide health care. The private hospitals have earned a reputation as providers of good quality health care. Major surgery cases are usually referred to the Republic of South Africa. Flying doctor services cover remote areas and provide immediate care and transport for urgent cases. Investment opportunities for establishing specialized hospitals to treat such referral cases are, therefore, unexploited.
EDUCATION
Revitalization of the educational system is being accorded high priority especially in primary education. The Education Sector Investment Programme (ESIP) stresses the rehabilitation of educational facilities and improvement of the quality of education. There currently only three (3) universities and relatively a good number of technical colleges, thus the massive investment opportunities for provision of university level and other tertiary education.
FINANCIAL SYSTEM AND THE CAPITAL MARKET
The financial system of the country is regulated by the Bank of Zambia, which is the country’s central bank. The main commercial banks are Barclays Bank Limited, Standard Chartered Bank Plc, Stanbic Bank Limited, Zambia National Commercial Bank Plc and Finance Bank Limited. The smaller banks include Indo-Zambia Bank Limited, Citibank Limited, Cavmont Capital Bank Limited, Invest Trust Bank Limited, Bank of China, Access Bank, Eco Bank, United Bank of Africa, and the International Commercial Bank. In addition to normal commercial banking, the sector is engaged in loan syndications.
The capital market has, following the establishment of the Lusaka Stock Exchange (LuSE) and the repeal of the Exchange Control Act in 1994, boosted the financial system. There are currently 16 listed and 11 quoted companies on the LuSE.
Government's fiscal policy is focused on achieving a domestic budget surplus, through the continued adherence to a cash budget, improved revenue collection and strict control of expenditures. Other fiscal policy objectives are focused at reducing public debt so as to increase liquidity available to the private sector for investment and increasing social sector expenditures in order to alleviate poverty.
ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
The prospects for continued economic growth look bright, given the enhanced investment in the mining sector and the anticipated increase in non-traditional exports. There is an increasing realization of the urgency to further develop other sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing and tourism and enhance their contribution to the economy. Measures are being put in place towards this end, such as increasing the availability of land for farm production through the opening of farm blocks for medium- and large-scale farming and the promotion of other tourist destinations coupled with further enhancing the attractiveness of the Livingstone area. The argument for diversification has become even more prominent with lessons learnt from the now receding global economic crisis that caused a slump in the price of copper down by more than 30 percent in the recent past.
CHAPTER TWO
INVESTMENT CLIMATE
REASONS TO INVEST IN ZAMBIA
Zambia is a multi-party democracy and provides a market-oriented liberalized economic environment in a strife-free, multicultural society. The Zambian Government welcomes investors across sectors and the laws relating to investment have provided for incentives aimed specifically at increased levels of investment and international trade, as well as increased domestic economic growth.
The country's central location in the region, as well as a combination of the following key strengths makes it an ideal investment location:
· Abundance of natural resources and manpower, which are highly under-utilized.