By 1890 the U.S. was completely settled. The belief in MANIFEST DESTINY still existed & many Americans still wanted to expand.
IMPERIALISM (EXPANSION):WHEN A STRONGER COUNTRY TAKES OVER A WEAKER COUNTRY FOR POWER & RESOURCES
PRO-IMPERIALIST (PRO-EXPANSIONIST):
SOMEONE WHO SUPPORTS EXPANSION (ALFRED T. MAHAN-HEAD OF NAVY)
ANTI-IMPERIALIST (ANTI-EXPANSIONIST):
SOMEONE WHO DOES NOT SUPPORT EXPANSION (ANDREW CARNEGIE)
PRO V. ANTI-IMPERIALISM
Document 1:
1)Who is the large man in the shop?
UNCLE SAM (THE U.S.)
2)Why is this man getting measured?
TO BE FITTED FOR NEW CLOTHES
3)What is on his pants?
THE DIFFERENT TERRITORIES OF THE U.S.
4)Who are the men standing at the door?
ANTI-IMPERIALISTS
5)What does this cartoon show about America at this time?
THAT THE U.S. WAS EXPANDING AND NOT EVERYONE WANTED TO
The U.S. developed many different FOREIGN POLICIES (plans of dealing with other countries) during this time. Here are some:
NAME OFTHE POLICY / DESCRIBE
THE
POLICY / WHY WAS THIS POLICY ISSUED? / WHAT COUNTRY WAS INVOLVED? / YEAR IT WAS ISSUED
Isolationism
(Farwell Address) / HAVING LITTLE TO DO WITH FOREIGN NATIONS (WARNED BY GEORGE WASHINGTON / U.S. WAS YOUNG AND COULD NOT BE READY FOR A WAR / U.S. / 1796
Monroe Doctrine / KEPT EUROPEAN NATIONS OUT OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE / KEPT EUROPE OUT OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE / U.S., EUROPE / 1823
Imperialism / WHEN STRONG COUNTRIES TAKE OVER WEAK COUNTRIES FOR POWER / TO GAIN POWER / U.S., MANY OTHER NATIONS / 1800’S
Open Door Policy / FREE TRADE FOR ALL NATIONS WITH CHINA / COUNTRIES SET UP SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN CHINA / U.S., CHINA, EUROPEAN NATIONS / 1899
Roosevelt Corollary (Big Stick Policy) / U.S.COULD INTERVENE IN LATIN-AMERICA WHENEVER NECESSARY / U.S. INTERVENED IN LATIN AMERICA MANY TIMES / U.S., LATIN AMERICA / 1904
Dollar Diplomacy / ENCOURAGED AMERICANS TO INVEST MONEY IN LATIN AMERICA / BETTER U.S./LATIN AMERICA RELATIONS / U.S., LATIN AMERICA / 1909
MONROE DOCTRINE, ISOLATIONISM, & IMPERIALISM:
In 1796, President Washington was retiring the Presidency. He gave a FAREWELL ADDRESSwhere he warned future leaders to avoid ALLIANCES with other nations. This policy of staying out of foreign affairs became known as ISOLATIONISM because the U.S. would isolate itself from the rest of the world. He warned involvement with other nations would lead to war and the U.S. was unprepared to fight a war. ISOLATIONISM was easy for the U.S. because geographically, it was far from other countries.
In 1823, President Monroe was getting nervous that Europeans would want to COLONIZE in North America on any land not settled by the U.S. He passed a policy called the MONROE DOCTRINE which warned European nations to stay out of the western hemisphere. Even though other countries, like BRITAIN laid claim to territory in the area now known as the U.S., they did not have people to settle it. The government pushed to settle all the land between the ATLANTIC and PACIFIC.
Once the U.S. had settled the 48 CONTINENTAL STATES, the desire to expand did not go away. There was still a strong belief in MANIFEST DESTINY. Many Americans, known as IMPERIALISTS or EXPANSIONISTS, began pushing a policy called IMPERIALISM. This policy pushed the U.S. to take over or colonize in smaller, weaker countries. It was risky because several European countries were also adopting this policy and the potential for WAR was great. Why?
The U.S. adopted the policy of IMPERIALISM. They looked in two major areas. The first area they looked was to the South in different areas of LATIN AMERICA.
Label the map below, based on p. 662 in your textbook.
The U.S. was thrust into their IMPERIALISM policy before they were ready.
SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
CAUSES:
Spain violated the MONROE DOCTRINE by invading Cuba and colonizing. The U.S.government was not happy. They turned to William Randolph Hearst owner of The New York Journaland asked him to document what was going on there. He sent an artist and a writer. They reported that it was peaceful, and there would be no war and asked if he could come home. Hearst responded with:
"Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."
What did this mean?
Hearst published in his paper that the Cubans were being horribly mistreated in Cuba by the SPANISH. The articles about this were written in a SENSATIONAL manner, appealing to peoples’ senses. This type of journalism which appeals to readers’ emotions, exaggerates event and motivates readers to want to do something to help, is known as YELLOW JOURNALISM.
It worked. Americans were outraged and wanted to send battle ships in. The USS MAINE was sent to Havana, Cuba to keep control and while there it was BOMBED. When Hearst reported the bombing, the headline read:
“Remember the Maine”
This was the battle cry that Americans echoed and supported the war.
Immediately the U.S. blamed SPAIN and war was declared.
The war lasted approximately 6 months.
During the war, a strong attack was led by TEDDY ROOSEVELT and his men called the ROUGH RIDERS. They stormed San Juan Hill in Puerto Rico and easily beat Spain and took control of Puerto Rico. This was a monumental success in the war and the U.S. knew they had won.
EFFECTS:
Cuba becomes SOVEREIGN and the U.S. gains territory.
New evidence and research suggests that the USS Maine was sunk due to an internal explosion. What could have happened?
For the graphic organizer below, fill in the blanks based upon your notes.
Document 2:
1)Who does the ape represent?
SPAIN
2)Who has been killed?
U.S. SOLDIERS ABOARD THE USS MAINE
3)What is the message of this cartoon?
THE SPANISH ARE HORRIBLE MURDERERS THAT KILLED AMERICAN SOLDIERS
4)What is this cartoon an example of?
YELLOW JOURNALISM
5)How did this impact the American public and what were the outcomes?
THE AMERICAN PUBLIC DEMANDED WAR WITH SPAIN
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY (BIG STICK POLICY) & DOLLAR DIPLOMACY:
With the victory over the Spanish in the SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, the U.S. wanted to make sure that no other European nation tries to set up a colony in the western hemisphere as warned in the MONROE DOCTRINE. Vice President Teddy Roosevelt wanted to adopt a strict policy with regards to LATIN AMERICAN nations. These nations often had unstable GOVERNMENTS and did not have strong MILITARIES to defend themselves. Roosevelt believed that the U.S. should be able to INTERVENE in Latin America whenever they feel necessary, which became known as ROOSEVELT COROLLARY or BIG STICK POLICY. He first spoke of this policy on September 2, 1901, twelve days before the assassination of President MCKINLEY, which pushed him into the Presidency. Roosevelt got the term from a West African proverb,"Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far". Rooseveltused an aggressive foreign policy with the BIG STICK diplomacy.
On the map of Latin America, please label with a red star all of the following interventions (interfering in the affairs of other countries).
Haiti / 1891 / Troops / Black workers revolt on U.S.-claimedNavassaIsland defeatedNicaragua / 1894 / Troops / Month-long occupation of Bluefields
Panama / 1895 / Naval, troops / Marines land in Colombian province
Nicaragua / 1896 / Troops / Marines land in port of Corinto
Cuba / 1898- / Naval, troops / Seized from Spain, U.S. still holds Navy base at Guantanamo
Puerto Rico / 1898- / Naval, troops / Seized from Spain, occupation continues
Nicaragua / 1898 / Troops / Marines land at port of San Juandel Sur
Nicaragua / 1899 / Troops / Marines land at port of Bluefields
Honduras / 1903 / Troops / Marines intervene in revolution
Dominican Republic / 1903-04 / Troops / U.S. interests protected in Revolution
Cuba / 1906-09 / Troops / Marines land in democratic election
Nicaragua / 1907 / Troops / "Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set up
Honduras / 1907 / Troops / Marines land during war with Nicaragua
Panama / 1908 / Troops / Marines intervene in election contest
How do you think these countries felt about these interventions?
Because of all of the intervention in Latin America, the U.S. got the nickname of the “World’s Constable”.
Document 3:
1)What is the title of this cartoon?
THE WORLD’S CONSTABLE
2)Who is the tall man in the center of the cartoon?
TEDDY ROOSEVELT
3)Who are the people on your right of the cartoon?
EUROPEANS
4)Who are the people on your left of the cartoon?
THE PEOPLE OF LATIN AMERICA
5)How is the U.S. perceived in the world?
AS IF THE U.S. IS TRYING TO CONTROL THE ENTIRE WORLD; A POLICE MAN
With the Presidency, Teddy Roosevelt had a dream of making it quicker to travel or ship goods from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. He came up the idea to build a canal. He found the perfect spot, the isthmus (narrow strip of land connecting two larger land masses) of PANAMA. However, Panama was controlled by COLOMBIA. So he sent a delegate to Panama to convince the people to overthrow Colombia. He promised U.S. help in doing so. The people were successful in overthrowing Colombian rule, with the help of the U.S. Construction on the canal began right away. Teddy Roosevelt oversaw the construction of the canal without letting CONGRESS know. The President always needs the consent of Congress to do something like this. However, the PANAMACANAL opened in 1914 and the U.S. started charging tolls for ships passing through. The U.S. signed a contract that we had control over the canal for 99 years. The canal had enormous economic impacts and the U.S. gained money and power from controlling it.
Document 4:
1)Who is the man in this cartoon?
TEDDY ROOSEVELT
2)What is he doing?
DIGGING THE PANAMACANAL
3)What is the message of this cartoon?
TEDDY ROOSEVELT GAINED CONTROL OF PANAMA (ENCOURAGED A REVOLUTION AGAINST COLOMBIA) AND PLANNED THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CANAL WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF CONGRESS
When President Taft took over the Presidency in 1909, he did not like the way the U.S. used military intervention to influence the government in Latin America. He introduced a new policy to make the governments like the U.S. His policy was called DOLLAR DIPLOMACY and called for U.S. businesses to invest money in Latin American countries. This led to much better relations with these countries.
OPEN DOOR POLICY:
The U.S. wanted to be able to trade with countries in ASIA because of the great resources available there. However, many countries made claims to territory in different parts of CHINA. These claims to territory became known as SPHERES OF INFLUENCE.
The BOXER REBELLION led by a group known as RIGHTEOUS FISTS OF HARMONY was a Chineserebellion from November 1899 to September 7, 1901, against foreign influence in the SPHERES OF INFLUENCE in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China.
Document 5:
Because of these Sphere’s of Influence, the U.S. was unable to trade with China. The U.S. developed a policy called THE OPEN DOOR POLICY which stated that any country could trade in any other country’s SPHERE OF INFLUENCE. It was approved and free-trade opened up in China.
During this time period, the U.S.ANNEXED or added on a lot of new territories. These territories were useful for many different reasons.
LAND ACQUIRED BY THE U.S. FROM 1867-1903
TERRITORY / WHEN / HOW / EFFECTALASKA / 1867 / Bought for $7.2 million from Russia / Gold & oil were discovered
HAWAII / 1898 / Annexed; After a revolt & Queen Lilikoulani gave up her thrown / Commercial & military post in the Pacific
PUERTO
RICO / 1898 / Treaty with Spain / Became a Commonwealth (and still is today)
PHILIPPINES / 1898 / Spanish-American War / More control in the Pacific
PANAMA
CANAL ZONE / 1903 / Revolution against Colombia / Panama Canal
How much influence did the US have on world affairs after these acquisitions?
Use p. A5 in the beginning of your textbook to label the territories on the land acquisition chart. Label the Panama Canal Zone on your Latin America map.
Use the packet to fill out the graphic organizer below.
CAUSES OF WWI:
POWDER KEG (1914)
The U.S. wanted to remain NEUTRAL at the beginning of WWI. Businesses were making so much money off of TRADE with foreign nations. The U.S. was trading with both sides of the war and making tons of money. Both the ALLIES and the CENTRAL POWERS wanted the U.S. to choose sides. War was very good business, and the U.S. did not want to choose sides and lose out on any of the money. However, the U.S. could not stay neutral forever.
REASON FOR U.S. ENTRY (1917):
GERMANY DECLARES UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE ON ALL SHIPSTHE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION:
In February of 1917, Russia underwent a revolution. The Tsar, Nicholas II was overthrown and a temporary democratic government was put in place. Woodrow Wilson was willing to ally with a Democratic nation. The U.S. entered WWI on April 6th and in October, a second revolution began in Russia. This revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin leader of the Bolshevik party, resulted in the set-up of a Communist government in Russia. Under the Communist government, the name of the country was changed to U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic) or the Soviet Union.
ALLIED POWERSCENTRAL POWERS
FRANCEGERMANY
BRITAINOTTOMAN EMPIRE
SERBIAAUSTRIA-HUNGARY
ITALY(joined in 1915) BULGARIA
U.S. (joined in 1917) ITALY(left in 1915)
U.S. involvement in the war was greatly supported by a majority of Americans. However, all the immigrants came under fire because native-born Americans questioned their LOYALTY to the U.S. Many of these immigrants still had friends and family in the COUNTRIESwe were warring with. The ESPIONAGE ACT of 1917 and the SEDITION Act of 1918 were passed to make sure immigrants stayed loyal.
Many things changed in the U.S., also known as the HOMEFRONTduring WWI. WOMEN were needed in factories and took the jobs of the men who had left for war. UNIONS were still fighting for better conditions and hours. AFRICAN-AMERICANS were moving to the North in something called the GREAT MIGRATION. They were moving to escaped discrimination in the SOUTH and to take some of the jobs in factories. Blacks could not serve in the MILITARY yet, so they wanted to help out in the war effort any way they could.
The WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD starting telling factories what to produce. Factories that made dresses and suits, now were manufacturing military uniforms, blankets, and tents. Factories that made cars were now building tanks and planes. Factories that produced cookware were now producing bullets.
Everyone did their part to support the troops at war. Also, the SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT was passed on May 18, 1917, which required all men between ages 21-30 to register to be drafted in the armed forces. This was the first draft in American history.
President Wilson came up with a plan for peace at the end of WWI in which no country would be blamed for the war. It was called the 14 POINTS.
1)NO SECRET ALLIANCES
2) ABSOLUTE FREEDOM OF THE SEAS IN WARTIME AND PEACETIME
3) EQUAL TRADING RIGHTS FOR ALL NATIONS
4) REDUCTION OF MILITARIES FOR ALL NATIONS
5) NO MORE IMPERIALISM
14) LEAGUE OF NATIONS
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLESWAS PASSED WHICH INCLUDED ONLY THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS FROM WILSON’S PLAN. THE U.S. REJECTED THE TREATY AND TURNED BACK TO A POLICY OF ISOLATIONISM!
EFFECTS OF WWI:
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
Punished GERMANY severely by
- Blamed them for the war
- Took away LAND
- Limited MILITARY size
- Forced them to pay war REPARATIONS
COSTS OF WAR:
HUMAN COSTS:
Total Killed & Prisoners Total Casualties %
Mobilized Died Wounded Missing Casualties of Mobilized
Allied PowersRussia / 12,000,000 / 1,700,000 / 4,950,000 / 2,500,000 / 9,150,000 / 76.3
France / 8,410,000 / 1,357,800 / 4,266,000 / 537,000 / 6,160,800 / 76.3
British Empire / 8,904,467 / 908,371 / 2,090,212 / 191,652 / 3,190,235 / 35.8
United States / 4,355,000 / 126,000 / 234,300 / 4,500 / 364,800 / 8.2
Central Powers
Germany / 11,000,000 / 1,773,700 / 4,216,058 / 1,152,800 / 7,142,558 / 64.9
Austria-Hungary / 7,800,000 / 1,200,000 / 3,620,000 / 2,200,000 / 7,020,000 / 90.0
1) Who had the most casualties? Why?
RUSSIA, BECAUSE THEY HAD THE MOST MEN FIGHTING BECAUSE THEY HAD THE LARGEST POPULATION
2) Who had the least casualties? Why?
THE U.S., THEY ENTERED THE WAR IN THE LAST 1 ½ YEARS
FINANCIAL COSTS:
Allied Powers / Cost in Dollars in 1914-18United States / 22,625,253,000
Great Britain / 35,334,012,000
France / 24,265,583,000
Russia / 22,293,950,000
Central Powers / Cost in Dollars in 1914-18
Germany / 37,775,000,000
Austria-Hungary / 20,622,960,000
1) Who paid the most? Why?
GERMANYBRITAIN, THEY WERE THE WEALTHIEST NATION THAT FOUGHT FOR ALL 4 YEARS OF THE WAR
2) Who paid the least? Why?
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY BECAUSE THEY WERE A POORER NATION
Also, now at an international level there was the threat of COMMUNISM!!!
Russia pulled out of WWI due to the Russian Revolution which created a Communist Government in Russia…Soviet Union (U.S.S.R. – UnitedSovietSocialistRepublic)
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