LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
Environmental Assessment Report and
Environmental Monitoring Plan
Prepared by:
Dr. Ngo Kim Chi,
Center for Consultancy, Technological Transfer on Safe Water and Environment
EA team leader
August 2005
Executive Summary
1.Introduction and Project Background
1.1 Purpose of the Report
1.2Brief Introduction to the EA Report
1.2.1Importance of the Project
1.2.2Structure of the Report
1.3Bases of Assessment
1.3.1Laws and Regulations
1.3.2Technical Documents
1.3.3Main Design Documents
1.3.4 Principles of Environmental Assessment
1.5Relationship to Feasibility Study
1.6 EA Team
1.7Assessment Scope and Periods Covered
1.7.1Assessment Scope
1.7.2Periods Covered
1.8Assessment Factors
1.9 Assessment Classification
1.10Assessment Criteria
1.11Assessment Focus and Categorization
1.12Assessment Procedure
2Policy, Legislation & Administration Framework
2.1Organizations & Administrative Framework
2.2National Policy & Strategy for Environmental Protection
2.2.1 Main issues of environmental pollution in Vietnam
2.2.2 Main contents of environmental protection strategy of Vietnam
2.2.3. The main activities in implementing environmental protection strategy
2.2.3. The main activities in implementing environmental protection strategy
2.2.4. The Pollution Control Strategy of Vietnam_NPCS
2.3 WB Requirements
3. Project description
3.1 Project Goals
3.2 Project objectives
3.3Project Components
3.3.1 Description of Project components
3.3.2 Demonstration of livestock waste management technology
3.3.3 Policy development
3.3.4 Project Management and Monitoring
3.4 Indicators of Project Success
3.5 Project area: Ha Tay Province
3.5.1 Hatay province
3.5.2 Demonstration district - Thuong Tin district of Ha Tay province
3.5.3 Demonstration sites in Thuong Tin district
3.5.4 Demonstration manure management technology, Thuong Tin- Ha Tay
3.6 Project area: Dong Nai Province
3.6.1 Bien Hoa City of Dong nai province
3.6.2 Demonstration sites in Bien Hoa city
3.6.4 Demonstration of manure management technology
3.7 Project Investment
4Description of Existing Environment
4.1Physical Environment, DONGNAI
4.1.1Geography and Topography
4.1.2Soil
4.1.3Climate
4.1.4Hydrology
4.1.5Surface Water Quality
4.1.6Groundwater Quality
4.1.7Atmospheric Environment
4.2Ecological Environment, Dongnai
4.2.1Flora
4.2.2Fauna
4.2.3Nature reserves
4.3Socio-cultural Environment, Dongnai
4.3.1Population
4.3.2Cultural Background
4.3.4Cultural Heritage
4.3.5Infrastructure
4.3.6Land Tenure and Land Ownership and Land use
4.3.7 Land use for livestock and crop
4.3.8Labor source/Other Employment/Manufacturing Opportunities
4.3.9Socio-economic Development Plan
4.4. Natural condition of Hatay Province
4.4.1. Geography and Topography
4.4.2 Soil condition
4.4.3 Hydrographic
4.4.4 Air quality of Ha Tay
4.4.5. Climate condition
4.5Ecological Environment of Hatay Province
4.5.1. Fauna and Flora
4.5.2. Forest situation
4.6 Socio-Cultural condition
4.7. Socio-economic condition
5. Public Participation /consultancy
5.1Consultation Method and Subject
5.1.1Consultation with Family or Individual
5.1.2Inter-agency and NGO Consultation
5.2Public Opinion and Suggestion
5.3Information Disclosures and Feedback
5.1.3Information Disclosure Plan
5.2.2 Information on Public Disclosure
5.4Beneficial Participation Plan
6. Analysis of Alternatives
6.1Analysis of “Without Project” Alternative
6.1.1Lacking policy framework for livestock waste management
6.1.2Current Status of livestock waste management
6.1.3 Environmental pollution caused by livestock waste
6.1.4 Complaints of habitants in pig production areas
6.1.6Lacking manure management technology
6.1.7Existing constraints with manure management technology
6.2 Analysis of “With Project” Alternative
7. Analysis of EA & Proposed Mitigation Measures
7.1 Potential Sources of Effect
7.2Analysis of Environmental Impact & Proposed Mitigation Measures
7.2.1Flora and Fauna
7.2.2Soil Disturbance
7.2.3Acoustic Environment
7.2.4Air Quality
7.2.5. Water Quality
7.2.6. Cultural Heritage
7.3Analysis of Environmental Impacts & Proposed Mitigation Measures
7.3.1Lagoon System
7.3.2Biogas production
8 Environmental Management Plan
8.1.1Implementation Organizations
8.1.2 Role of PMO/PIU and Environmental specialist
Supervision Organization
8.2Environmental Management Plan
8.2.1Monitoring Items
8.2.2Monitoring Implementer
8.2.3Monitoring Report System
8.2.4 Baseline Monitoring
8.2.5Monitoring during implementation/construction
8.2.7Monitoring Budget
8.3Environmental Training/Institutional Strengthening Plan
8.3.1Training Objectives
8.3.2Training Courses
8.4Budgets
9. Conclusions and Recommendations
9.1Major Conclusions
9.2Recommendations
10List of References
Annex A: TOR on EIA
Annex B: EA team
Annex C: Safe Guard Policy and Disclosure Information
Annex D: Public Health and Animal Health assessment
List of table:
Table 1-1 Preliminary Identification Matrix for Main Environmental Impact Factors of LWMP
Capacity building
Table 3.1. Livestock population and land use in Ha Tay in 2002
Table 3.2. Statistical data in five demonstration communes - Thuong Tin Dist. (2003)
Table 3.3. Liverstock population in Dong Nai province (2003)*
Table 3.4. Total area and pig population of Bien Hoa City
Table 3.5. Statistical data in five demonstration wards
Table 4-1 The Climatic Characteristics of DONGNAI province 2000-2003
Table 4-2 The Characteristics of the rivers in DONGNAI
Table 4-3 Surface water quality in the project area in DONGNAI Province
Table 4-4: Land use in Dong Nai
Table 4-5 important Nature Reserve within the province
Table 4-6 The population of the project districts in DONGNAI province
Table 4-8 Types and number of livestock farms in DONGNAI Province
Table 4-9: Land use for crop and planted area, yield of the crop in DONGNAI
Existing constraints
Table 6-1: Livestock production and solid waste in Vietnam, 2002
Table 6-3: Livestock population of region*
Table 6-4: Livestock production during the years 1993-2003 and the prediction 2005-2010
Table 7-1 Estimated Noise Value of Construction Machinery
Table 8-1 Environment Monitoring Plan, LWMP at Vietnam
Table 8-2 Environment Management Plan for LWMP
Table 8-3 Construction Air Quality Monitoring Program
Table 8-8 Cost for Environmental Training Course
Table 8-9: Cost for training course for environmental analytical officers
Table 8-10: Workshop on project monitoring and evaluation
Table8-11 Total cost estimation Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) & Evaluation at Dongnai, HaTay Provinces
List of Abbreviations
AHBAnimal Husbandry Bureau
BODBiological Oxygen Demand
CODChemical Oxygen Demand
PMU/PMOProject Management Unit/Project Management Office
CTCCenter for Consultancy & Technology Transfer on Water and Environment
DODissolved Oxygen
EAEnvironmental Assessment
ECElectrical Conductivity
EIAEnvironmental Impact Assessment
EMPEnvironmental Management Plan
EMSEnvironmental Monitoring Station
EMDEnvironmental Management Division
EPEnvironmental Protection
EPSEnvironmental Protection Strategy
VEPAVietnam Environmental Protection Agency
FSFeasibility Study
IFAInternational Fund Association
LWMPLivestock Waste Management Project
MaslMeters above sea level
MoARDMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development
PEMD/PEMOProvincial Environmental Management Division/Office
NPCSNational Pollution Control Strategy
PCPollution Control
PLGProject Leading Group
PPMOProvincial and district Project Management Office
SRVSocialistRepublic of Vietnam
SEISignificant Environmental Issue
MPIVietnam Ministry of Planning and Investment
EPS Environmental Protection Strategy
TSSTotal Suspended Solids
TSPTotal Suspended Particulates
WB World Bank
TORTerms of References
Exchange Rate
US$ 1.0 = 15840 VND (As of July 31,2005)
Executive Summary
The Livestock waste management Project (LWMP), a GEF funded project, is an environmental project concentrating on livestock waste management manure recycling for agricultural development, and water protection. The project was formally authorized by the GEF Vietnam in 2003. The project was proposed by the Government of Vietnam as environmental development project to seek for the financial support from GEF.
The total investment of project is US 5.5 million, of which US$ 2.4 million will be from GEF. The proposed LWMP aims at improving the livelihood and health status of the livestock farmers in the project site in DongNaiProvincein the South and HatayProvince in the North through establishment of integrated and sustainable livestock waste management systems. The project hopes to be viewed as a demonstration project and other interested parties could use project’s findings with regards to sustainable development of livestock production in their own development systems. The project also aims at improving the overall living standards of farmers through improving cost effective methods of manure management, upgrading the quality of water resources and technological extension systems suitable for sustainable development of livestock sector, integrated with environmental protection.
The proposed project covers two densely populated provinces, Dong Nai and Ha Tay. The two provinces have also highest density of livestock population in the country and are facing serious environmental pollution caused by rapid development of livestock production in recent years.
The annual average temperature in Hatay province is 22.30C, ranging between the minimum of 3.30C and maximum of 390C. Theaverage annual temperature in Dong Nai province is 27.00C varyingfrom minimum of 24oC to a maximum of 28.6oC. The average annual rainfall in Hatay province is 1900 mm, while in Dong Nai province it ranges from 1800mm to 2553mm. Majority of precipitation occurs between June and October accounting for more than 60% of the annual precipitation.
The project provinces have a typical tropical climate with warm and sunny climate. Long sunny days and high available degree-days provide a good climatic environment for agricultural and livestock production.
This environmental assessment report is prepared to satisfy relevant environment protection requirements of both Vietnamand the World Bank. The project is classified as World Bank’s Category B project, requiring discussion of significant environmental issues and preparation of an environmental management and monitoring plan (EMP). During environmental impact assessment, the production system is upheld as the mainstream while ecotypes serve as reference. In association with the river basin distribution in both provinces, the overall environmental impact of the project is assessed; especial emphasis is given to the assessment of impacts to water resources on which the sustainable development of the project depends.
The results of environmental impact assessment indicate that, in general, the proposed livestock waste management project in Vietnam has minimal negative environmental impact. The implementation of subcomponents of the project, if successfully implemented, is conducive to the improvement of the environment, and the project impacts on social environment are believed to be highly positive. If the recommended mitigation and control measures, presented in this report are adopted, the impact of the project on the environment should be positive. It is recommended that the World Bank and relevant departments in Vietnam support the implementation of this project and urge the earliest start of the project.
However, if the project locations are improperly selected, and/or if the proposed mitigation measures are not implemented, the project can have potential negative impact on the natural and social environment, which might jeopardize sustainable development of the project. On the other hand, if effective mitigation measures are implemented, the potential short and long term negative environmental impacts of the project will not be significant.
The negative impacts on the environment during implementation/construction phase of the project in both provinces are believed to be temporal and of low magnitude. The major potential impacts on the environment include: impact to vegetation due to temporary land occupation at the construction sites, pollution of waste of daily life at the construction site and noise and dust of the construction machinery. If the mitigation measures proposed in the EA report are implemented, the negative impact to the environment during implementation/construction phase will be minimized.
For most parts, implementation of the project should not cause any significant negative impact on the environment; on the contrary, it should generate positive impact on the ecological and social environment during project operation. The development of code of practice and conducive policies on livestock waste management (regulation on discharge of effluent, collection of the manure guideline, etc.) and dissemination of knowledge on cost effective preparation of organic manure, adaptive methodology on recycling (quantity and timing) of organic (livestock) solid and liquid manure in agricultural activities, etc are believed to assist the reduction of nutrient loading and environmental pollution pressure due to livestock waste. The improvement of manure management practices by using biogas digesters should have positive benefits by creating the energy source and should better quality of ecological environment within project areas.
At present manure management technologies used in the project areas, especially in livestock production areas dominated by farmer households and small-scale farms with 10 heads of animals or less are inappropriate and are causing significant negative impact on natural resources (soil, water and air). The problem is more serious in the Red River Delta where the land per farmer is only about 0.02 ha (including house and garden) and the natural system is suffering from significant nutrient overload. The cost-effective manure management technologies that will be created by the project, if successfully implemented, should have significant positive impact on the ecological system within the project and to downstream water users.
If the project is implemented as planned, project activities including capacity-building, awareness-raising, enforcement of policies and regulations through training of central and local government officials as well as farmers, and the development of national communication programs will generate positive impact to the ecological and social environment. The introduction of improved manure management practices should be environmentally beneficial and should provide a condition, conducive of bettering the ecological environmental quality within project areas. It should also improve health status of local communities and reduce incidence of zoonotic diseases. The respiratory diseases and water borne diseases should also be reduced. Since rational use of organic composting will reduce chemical fertilizer application, this should also produce positive impact on environment by improving soil inherent fertility, soil structure, and water holding capacity. In addition, the use of organic manure should increase soil faunal communities (both in number and variety), helping soil improvement and increased micro-faunal biodiversity.
In order to minimize potential negative environmental impacts and to enhance positive impacts, the EA report proposed prevention/mitigation measures in Chapter 7 to minimize potential environmental impacts. In addition an environment management plan is prepared and is detailed in Chapter 8, in which the responsibilities of the Project Management Unit and other related institutions, environment management training and capacity building requirement and environment monitoring plan and their respective costs have been clearly detailed.
- Introduction and Project Background
Vietnam Government has prepared for the proposed GEF project for support to promote Livestock Waste Management in Vietnam and integrating with the livestock waste management in the South East Asia in order to reduce the negative local and global environmental impacts of rapidly increasing livestock production in the watersheds in the coastal areas of Vietnam. The Project has been designed in order to lead to reduction of land-based pollution from livestock production of the international water of the SouthChinaSeas. The Livestock Waste Management Project in Vietnam, covering the two Regions of Vietnam with 02 representative provinces: Ha Tay Province in the North and DongNaiProvince in the South that hereafter is called project provinces are the two selected site for the demonstration of the outcome of the Project.
1.1 Purpose of the Report
The proposed Livestock Waste Management Project in Vietnam (LWMP) aims at improving and supporting an integrated and comprehensive approach to managing and reducing livestock production waste load that is currently polluting the local and international waters, and to strengthen institutional capacity and decision-making systems for livestock management at the central and provincial levels in Vietnam.
The achievement of these objectives should lead to reduction of liquid and soil pollution, leading to improvement of public health and a more equitable distribution of benefits generated from the rapidly growing livestock production. The project will create greater economic and social stability in the project areas as well as enhancing institutional tools for the project-selected areas and the whole country to implementation the Environmental Protection Plan.
The aims of this EA report include:
(i)To analyze and assess present natural environment and the socio-economic conditions in the project area and determine the scope and extent of future positive and negative impacts. The implementation of the project is reviewed and examined in terms of environmental protection;
(ii)To determine the potential environmental impacts and to disseminate the findings to the project development and implementation teams; and
(iii)To prepare mitigation measures to reduce/eliminate the identified negative impacts and prepare an environmental management plan (EMP) for pre-implementation, implementation/construction and operation of the project.
The terms of reference (TOR) for compilation of the EA report between the Technical Consultant Organization here called FAO and the Local Consultant on EA is presented in Annex A.
1.2Brief Introduction to the EA Report
1.2.1Importance of the Project
Livestock growth rate has been increasing rapidly in the period of 1990-2003. The total amount of pig in the whole country has increased from 10 to 12.2 millions in ten years (1980-1990), an increase of about 18%. However the number of pigs reached 20.2 millions in 2000, an increase of some 39%, doubling of rate of animal increase in a decade. According the most recent data, the pig number has reached 23.3 millions in year 2002.
The 2002 statistical data indicate that the total number of poultry in Vietnam has been 233 millions of which 159 millions are chicken and 74 millions are ducks and geese. The average of poultry growing rate reached 6.4% /year during the year 1990-2002.
The growing rate of cattle reached 14%/year during 1990-2002. The total number of cattle was 11000 in 1990 and rapidly increased to 35000 in the year 2000 and to 55800 in the year 2002.
Urbanization and population increase and improvement of living standard in the whole country has increased the demand for meat products and provided the favorable economic condition for livestock development. Urbanization and increase in demand for animal products have been accompanied with the specification and intensification in animal production and disintegration of crop and animal producers. Majority of livestock production operations in Vietnam are based on household business and small private farms or enterprises. Due to high demands, household and farming income has been increasing steadily in the animal breeding areas and in nearby area places. However, the economic development has caused environmental pollution and poor health condition within high population density communities next to the big cities such as Hanoi, and Ho Chi Minh City, and especially in the surrounding provinces such as Hatay, Thai Binh, Hai duong, Haiphong, Nam dinh of the Red Delta River in the North and Tiengiang, Dong nai, Long An of Mekong Delta in the South. Surface and ground water quality data monitoring have shown appreciable increase in organic and nutrient loading of water resources and their bacterial contamination.
Biogas digester has been popular in small-scale farms of 5-100 pigs to treat livestock (pig) waste right at source. The National Strategy on Safe Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation has had programs to support the farmers in installation of biogas. Although techniques for building and operating biogas digesters are not difficult, but not all operations are appropriately implemented. Many constructed biogas tanks are now unused, broken down, waste material, and/or leaking gases that impact negatively on local inhabitants. In addition, the discharge leakage from biogas tanks have not met the discharge standards for the domestic wastewater as stipulated in TCVN6772:2000.