Earth/Environmental Science Final Exam Semester Review Name:

This exam semester review is due by May 27th. It will count up tois worth 400 432 points for those required to take the exam. This will significantly affect your grade!!! Answers will be provided before/after school beginning May 9th. You will provide me with the work you have completed and I will allow you to check your answers for those problems. You must complete questions in consecutive order (1, 2, 3, 4…) on notebook paper.

1.  What is the scientific method?

2.  List the steps for the scientific method. (define/describe each)

3.  Define and give the SI units for each measurement.

  1. Weight
  2. Mass
  3. Length
  4. Area
  5. Volume (solid and liquid)
  6. Density
  7. Time
  8. Temperature

4.  How is density calculated?

5.  What is the density of a rock that has a volume of 8.3cm3 and a mass of 15 grams? Would this sink or float in water?

6.  Make the following conversions: (show your work in the u,k,p,s, format)

7.  4500 mg = ______grams

8.  2 hours = ______seconds

9.  Read the balance pictured to the right.

10. 

11.  Explain how to put a number into/take out of scientific notation. Give examples of each.

12.  What is cartography?

13.  What is a map legend? Scale?

14.  What is longitude?

15.  What is latitude?

16.  Using the map to the right.

17.  Name the state that is completely contained between 90oW and 100oW and 40 oN and 45oN

18.  What is “our” approximate latitude and longitude?

19.  Place an “A” on the location 30oN and 100oW. Where is this?

20.  What is/are the prime meridian? Equator? Poles? (describe based on latitude/longitude)

21.  Define the following satellite/positioning systems?

  1. Global Positioning System

·  Position

·  Elevation

·  Direction

  1. Landsat Satellite
  2. Topex/Poseidon Satellite

22.  What is a time zone? How many time zones are there on the earth?

23.  Describe the major types of maps discussed in class(3 not including topographic)?

24.  Why are no maps truly accurate?

25.  What is a topographic map used for?

26.  What does a closed circle on a topographic map indicate?

27.  What is a contour line? Contour interval?

28. 

29. 

Use the topographic map above to answer the following questions.

What is the contour interval of this map? ______

What is the elevation of the following points?

A ______D______

B______E______

C______F______

What topographic feature is located at point A? ______

What topographic feature is located at point B? ______

What direction (uphill, downhill, or both) would you travel if you walked from: Point A to C ______

1. 

2. 

30.  Define:

31.  Atom

32.  Elements

33.  Compounds

34.  Molecules

35.  What are the subatomic particles within the atom? Where are they found? What is the relative mass of each?

36.  What are valence electrons? Why are they important?

37.  Define/describe ionic bonds? What type of elements create it?

38.  Define/describe covalent bonds? What combination of elements create it?

39.  Define/describe the four states of mater.

40.  What is uniformitarianism?

41.  Compare relative age and absolute age.

42.  What are unconformities?

43.  What is the Law of Crosscutting? What does it tell you?

44.  What are the relative ages of the layers from oldest to youngest in the diagram to the right?

45.  Define/describe a varve.

46.  What is carbon dating and how is it used by geologist?

47.  Give information about the 4 eras of geologic time Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

a.  State which era was the longest, know what happened in the Mesozoic era, and which era we live in.

48.  List the four major layers of the earth .

a.  Describe the “size” (thickness) and temperature of each

49.  Compare and contrasts the two types of crust; give information about its thickness and density.

50.  What is convection current?

51.  Define a mineral.

52. 

53.  What characteristics are used to identify minerals? Define each?

54.  In regards to minerals, define/describe the characteristics used for identification:

  1. Cleavage
  2. Crystal
  3. Fracture
  4. Gem
  5. Hardness
  6. Luster
  7. Magma
  8. Mineral
  9. Ore
  10. Silicate
  11. Specific gravity
  12. Streak

55.  What is stream load? How is it carried?

56.  What is the carrying capacity of a stream?

57.  In regards to surface water, define/describe:

a.  Delta

b.  Flood

c.  Lake

d.  Meander

e.  Oxbow

f.  Stream banks

58.  What elements are the primary components of the Earth’s atmosphere?

59.  What elements are the primary components of the Earth’s crust?

60.  What are condensation nuclei?

61.  Define/describe the water cycle. Sketch a diagram.

62.  Define/describe the rock cycle. Sketch a diagram.

63.  What are the three types of rocks?

64.  How are rocks classified?

65.  What is the parent material for all rocks?

66.  What gas is released by the burning of fossil fuels? What problems may this cause?

67.  Describe “plate tectonics”

68.  What is continental drift? (include the name of the super continent and ocean formed)

69.  Who first proposed continental drift? Why was it not initially accepted as true?

70.  Define/describe subduction. What does it create?

71.  Define/describe the three types of plate boundaries? Which plate boundaries are occurring at A and C?

  1. Divergent
  2. Convergent
  3. Transform

72.  What causes plate motions? Where does this take place?

73.  Define and describe the 3 types of seismic waves.

74.  What is the most active earth quake zone(s)?

75.  Describe what typically causes an earthquake.

76.  Japan was recently struck by a massive earthquake. What natural events followed, one with devastating consequences?

77.  What type of fault is along the southern coast of California?

78.  What causes tides?

79.  What are lunar phases? What causes lunar phases?

80.  What are the seasons? What causes seasons?

81.  What causes the Coriolis effect?

82.  What is an eclipse? What are the two types? What causes them?

83.  What planets make up our solar system? List them in order.

84.  What are the terrestrial planets?

85.  What are the gas giants?

86.  Define/describe each (including location):

  1. Asthenosphere
  2. Atmosphere
  3. Biosphere
  4. Hydrosphere
  5. Llithosphere

87.  What are the layers of the atmosphere? Define/describe each. Where is each found?

88.  What are the major air masses over the United States? Describe the temperature and moisture content of each.

89.  Define/describe:

  1. Meteorology
  2. Climatology
  3. Seasons (why do we have them)
  4. El Nino
  5. Ice age
  6. Global warming
  7. Greenhouse effect
  8. Polar easterlies
  9. Prevailing westerlies
  10. Trade winds

90.  In terms of meteorology, what is each instrument used for:

  1. Thermometer

b.  Barometer

c.  Wind Vane

d.  Rain Gauge

e.  Wind Sock

  1. Weather Balloon

91.  RadiosondeWhat causes the Coriolis effect?

92.  What is a cold front? Warm front? What weather is associated with each? What is the symbol used on a map to indicate each?

93.  Label the clouds in the diagram (sketch it or cut it out and place it on your answer sheet.) Describe the “weather” associated with each.

a.  alto-cumulus

b.  alto-stratus

c.  cirro-cumulus

d.  cirro-stratus

e.  cirrus

f.  cumulo-nimbus

g.  cumulus

h.  fog –

i.  nimbo-stratus

j.  stratus

k.  strato-cumulus

94.  What is stream load? How is it carried?

95.  What is the carrying capacity of a stream?

96.  In regards to surface water, define/describe:

g.  Delta

h.  Flood

i.  Lake

j.  Meander

k.  Oxbow

l.  Stream banks

m. 

97.  What causes tides?

98.  What are lunar phases? What causes lunar phases?

99.  What are the seasons? What causes seasons?

100.  What is an eclipse? What are the two types? What causes them?

101.  What planets make up our solar system? List them in order.

102.  What are the terrestrial planets?

103.  What are the gas giants?