Study Guide U.S. History

Chapter 17, Section 2; chapter 18, Sections 1 and 2

Wars for the West

I. The Plains Indians

  1. Where were the Plains Indians ?

On the Great Plains from Canada to Texas

  1. Which tribes?

Apache, Comanche – in and around Texas and Oklahoma

Cheyenne and Arapaho – across the central plains

Pawnee – parts of Nebraska

Sioux – in the north (largest, most powerful Indian tribe)

  1. How many?

75,000 by the year 1850

  1. What did their survival depend on?

The horse and the buffalo

What happened?

  1. Miners and settlers wanted access to more Indian land
  2. In 1858 gold is discovered in Colorado, thousands of miners invade Indianland
  3. U.S. government agents made treaties with Plains Indians. The United Statesdid not

keep any treaty for very long.

  1. Treaty of Fort Laramie – first major treaty
  2. Treaty at Fort Atkinson (Nebraska) – 2 years after Fort Laramie Treaty
  3. These two treaties allowed the U.S. gov’t to build forts and roads across Indian lands.
  4. The U.S. would pay for any damage to Indian lands
  5. New treaties written in 1861 created reservations (land set aside for the Indians)
  6. Indians did not want to stay on reservations because they did not want to leave their hunting grounds.
  7. Treaty of Medicine Lodge – made with the southern plains Indians.
  8. Indians were to move to a reservation.
  9. Many Indians refused to leave their hunting grounds and fighting

between the Comanche Indians and Texans occurred.

The Comanche were eventually starved into surrendering

  1. The Bozeman Trail
  2. Used by miners traveling west. The trail went through favored Sioux hunting

lands on the Great Plains

  1. Red Cloud, a Sioux Chief, led Indians in attacks against forts the U.S. built on Indian land to protect the miners using the trail (Bozeman Trail).
  2. The Indians, led by Chief Crazy Horse, attacked and killed 81 cavalry troops.
  3. The conflict was ended by the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868

1. Under this treaty the U.S. agreed to abandon the forts, close the Bozeman

trail, and provide reservation land for the Indians.

  1. Battle of the Little Bighorn
  2. The discovery of gold in the Black Hills is confirmed by Lieutenant Colonel

George Armstrong Custer.

  1. The U.S. gov’t demands that the Sioux give the land to the U.S.

C. Lakota Sioux Chief Sitting Bull and his followers refused to give up their land.

D. June 25. 1876 Custer decides to pursue the Sioux near the Little Bighorn

River in Montana. Custer has a troop of 264 men.

  1. The Sioux and Cheyenne Indians, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse,

kill Custer and his troops. This battle is known as Custer’s Last Stand

  1. Last major victory of the Sioux
  2. American reaction – “total warfare” on the Sioux
  1. Massacre at Wounded Knee
  2. The U.S. army shot and killed about 150 Lakota Sioux near Wounded Knee

Creek.

  1. Last major incident on the Great Plains
  2. Known as the INDIANS’LAST STAND

VI. Other Indian Tribes

A. Southwestern Indians: Navajo, Pueblo, Apache

  1. Navajo
  1. Occupied what is now the states of Arizona and New Mexico
  2. When they refused to go to a reservation, the U.S. troops destroyed the

Navajos’ fields, homes and livestock. Faced with starvation, they agreed

to go to the reservation.

  1. The Long Walk - forced 300-mile march to their reservation in New

Mexico during which many Navajo died.

  1. Apache
  1. Led by Geronimo, the Apache continued to fight the U.S. army
  2. Finally surrendered in 1886, ending the resistance

D. Indians of the Far West:

1. The Nez Perce

  1. The gov’t had promised them they could stay on their land in Oregon
  2. Gov’t broke its promise and ordered the Nez Perce to a reservation in Idaho
  3. Chief Joseph and his people tried to escape into Canada
  4. U.S. troops caught them before they reached the border and sent them to a reservation in Oklahoma

VII. Miscellaneous Information

A. Ghost Dance

1. Religious movement started by a Paiute Indian named Wovoka

2. Rejected all white culture, especially alcohol

  1. Believed that a paradise would be created for the Native Americans
  2. The settlers would leave and the buffalo would return
  3. Indians believed that the shirts they wore during the Ghost Dance would

stop the whiteman’s bullets.

B.Sarah Winnemucca - Paiute Indian who worked for reform of the reservation

system

C.Dawes General Allotment Act

1.Goal was to make Indian culture more like White culture

  1. Broke up reservation lands by making land ownership individual instead

of shared

  1. Indians lost about 2/3 of their reservation land

D. Buffalo Soldiers – name given to the African American Cavalry by the Indians

The Second Industrial Revolution

Chapter 18, Section 1

What was the Second Industrial Revolution?

A period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in the late 1800s.

Important Advances

1. Bessemer Process– a new way to manufacture steel more quickly and cheaply

a. Increased steel production led to building of more railroads

b. More railroads = more rail travel and shipping = stronger economy

2. Oil – a natural resource

a. In 1859 a way was found to pump crude oil from the ground

b. scientists found a way to convert crude oil into kerosene

c. the many uses of kerosene led to a boom in the oil industry

3. Electricity

a. Thomas Edison invented the electric lightbulb

b. Westinghouse and Edison developed systems for distributing electricity from

power plants to homes and businesses.

4. Communication

a. Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone in 1876. By 1900 there are

almost 1.5 million phones in the U.S.

b. The phone was better than the telegraph because the telegraph could only

communicate through written messages and using the telegraph took

special training

5. Automobiles and Planes

a. Henry Ford – first manufacturer to use the assembly line. Made cars more

affordable.

b. Orville and Wilbur Wright

  1. Built a small, gas powered engine that they put in a plane
  2. Orville flew the first gas powered plane in 1903 at Kittyhawk

6. patents – exclusive right to sell or make an invention

Chapter 18, Section 2

Big Business

1. Corporations

  1. business owners would sell portions of ownership to investors
  2. these portions are called stock shares

2. Andrew Carnegie

  1. Built the largest steel corporation in America
  2. Used vertical integration to control the costs
  3. Vertical integration – owning all of the businesses involved in each step of the manufacturing process; for example, Carnegie owned iron ore mines, coalfields, and railroads.

3. John D. Rockefeller

  1. Owner of Standard Oil, the largest oil refinery in the U.S.
  2. Used horizontal integration – acquired 90% of the refineries in the U.S.
  3. Formed trusts – legal arrangements that place several companies together that are controlled by one group known as the board of directors

4. Leland Stanford

  1. Made his fortune by selling equipment to the miners
  2. Founded Stanford University and the Central Pacific Railroad

5. Social Darwinism

  1. based on Darwin’s theory of “survival of the fittest”
  2. supporters believed that “survival of the fittest” would determine which people were able to succeed in business and in life.

6. monopoly - total ownership of a business or product

  1. eliminated competition
  2. influenced politics as they became wealthier and more powerful
  3. many people were alarmed by the power of monopolies and wanted reform

7. Sherman Anti-trust Act

  1. passed in July 1890
  2. law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained trade

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