11
Supplementary Figure 1. Map showing the sampling points for shallow boreholes. Boreholes marked with blue squares were sampled only in 2004. See Supplementary Table 1 for sampling details.
Supplementary Figure 2. Map showing the deep boreholes sampled. Red squares indicate the sampled boreholes listed in Supplementary Table 2.
Supplementary Table 1. Sampling data for four consecutive sampling periods in the shallow boreholes in 2004–2006.
Borehole / Measured borehole depth(m) / Pump and
sampling level
(m) / Date and time
(y-m-d/time) / Ground-water level
(m) / Yield
(L/min) / Notes
PR1 / 6 / 5 / 2004-05-03/14:30 / 3.50 / 12.0 / start
2004-05-03/16:20 / 4.85 / 12.0
2004-05-03/19:00 / 4.98 / 12.0 / stop
2004-05-03/07:50 / 3.60 / 12.0 / start
2004-05-04/08:40 / 5.07 / 12.0 / stop
PR1 / 6.0 / 4.0 / 2005-10-10/10.35 / 3.47 / 4.8
2005-10-10/10.35 / 3.84 / 4.5
2005-10-10/10.35 / 3.85 / 4.5 / clear water
2005-10-10/10.35 / 3.78 / 4.5 / sampling
PR1 / 14.72 / 4.0 / 2006-04-25/06.30 / 2.84 / 5.5 / pump start
2006-04-25/06.35 / 3.10 / 5.5
2006-04-25/08.05 / 3.26 / 5.6
2006-04-25/09.25 / 3.32 / - / sampling
PR1 / 14.72 / 4.0 / 2006-10-11/06.20 / 3.08 / - / pump start
2006-10-11/06.35 / 3.29 / 3.8
2006-10-11/08.00 / 3.40 / 3.8
2006-10-11/09.25 / 3.45 / 3.8 / sampling
PP2 / 24.5 / 10 / 2004-05-04/16:00 / 2.10 / 6.0 / start
2004-05-04/17:00 / 5.67 / 5.0 / stop
2004-05-05/07:50 / 2.09 / 5.5 / start
2004-05-05/08:30 / 5.65 / 5.5 / stop
PP2 / 14.90 / 5.0 / 2005-10-12/08.00 / 2.05 / 4.8 / pump start
2005-10-12/08.40 / 3.93 / 4.8
2005-10-12/09.30 / - / - / sampling
2006-10-09/12.40 / - / - / sampling
PP2 / 14.80 / 6.0 / 2006-04-24/07.50 / 1.95 / - / pump start
2006-04-24/08.00 / 3.20 / 3.6
2006-04-24/09.40 / 3.37 / 3.6
2006-04-24/10.45 / 3.40 / 3.6 / sampling
PP2 / 14.72 / 4.0 / 2006-10-11/10.15 / 2.42 / - / pump start
2006-10-11/10.30 / 3.07 / 2.1
2006-10-11/12.00 / 3.19 / 2.2
2006-10-11/13.45 / - / 2.1
2006-10-11/14.50 / - / - / sampling
PP3 / 14.5 / 10 / 2004-05-05/09:50 / 0.55 / 7.2 / start
2004-05-05/11:00 / 7.0 / stop
PP7 / 16.5 / 10 / 2004-05-05/12:20 / 1.14 / 0.85 / start
2004-05-05/13:35 / 7.65 / 0.80
2004-05-05/15:35 / stop
PP8 / 7.0 / 6.0 / 2004-05-05/16:40 / 3.95 / start
Borehole / Measured borehole depth
(m) / Pump and
sampling level
(m) / Date and time
(y-m-d/time) / Ground-water level
(m) / Yield
(L/min) / Notes
PP8 / 7.0 / 6.0 / 2004-05-05/17:00 / 4.10 / 5.40
2004-05-05/17:40 / 4.12 / stop
2004-05-06/08:05 / 3.93 / 5.50 / start
2004-05-06/08:45 / 4.13 / 5.5 / stop
PP9 / 14.70 / 6.0 / 2005-10-13/12.25 / 1.31 / 0.43
2005-10-13/08.35 / 3.95 / 0.44 / roily water
2005-10-13/12.55 / 4.15 / 0.40 / sampling
PP9 / 14.70 / 6.0 / 2006-04-26/10.15 / 0.80 / - / pump start
2006-04-26/10.25 / 1.39 / 0.61
2006-04-26/11.50 / 3.46 / 0.58 / roily water
2006-04-26/14.05 / 3.53 / 0.57 / sampling
PP9 / 14.70 / 6.0 / 2006-10-11/07.10 / 0.78 / 0.255 / pump start
2006-10-11/07.20 / 1.21 / 0.255
2006-10-11/08.05 / 1.26 / 0.180
2006-10-11/10.30 / - / 0.185
2006-10-11/12.00 / - / 0.190 / roily water
2006-10-11/15.15 / - / - / sampling
PP36 / 12.05 / 6.0 / 2005-10-10/09.30 / 4.31 / 7.2 / pump start
2005-10-10/12.05 / - / -
2005-10-10/13.05 / - / - / clear water
2005-10-10/13.40 / - / - / sampling
PP36 / - / 4.0 / 2006-04-25/06.45 / 3.47 / 5.04 / pump start
2006-04-25/06.50 / 3.64 / 5.04
2006-04-25/07.55 / 3.68 / 5.04
2006-04-25/12.35 / 3.70 / 4.70 / sampling
PP36 / 11.00 / 5.0 / 2006-10-09/08.40 / 3.27 / - / pump start
2006-10-09/10.50 / 2.43 / 6.2
2006-10-09/11.55 / - / 6.0
2006-10-09/12.05 / - / 6.2 / sampling
PP39 / 14.10 / 6.0 / 2005-10-11/08.30 / 1.32 / 0.4 / pump start
2005-10-11/10.00 / - / - / roily water
2005-10-11/12.50 / - / - / sampling
PP39 / 14.04 / 5.0 / 2006-04-24/08.10 / 1.08 / - / pump start
2006-04-24/08.20 / 2.01 / 0.67
2006-04-24/09.55 / 2.08 / 0.65
2006-04-24/11.05 / 2.10 / 0.64
2006-04-24/14.10 / 2.14 / - / sampling
PP39 / 14.10 / 6.0 / 2006-10-11/07.30 / 1.57 / - / pump start
2006-10-11/07.45 / 3.20 / 0.9
2006-10-11/09.00 / 3.40 / 0.9
2006-10-11/11.45 / - / 0.9
2006-10-11/12.45 / - / - / sampling
PVP1 / 4.0 / 3.0 / 2004-05-03/16.35 / 1.05 / start
2004-05-03/15.45 / 1.05 / 2.0
Borehole / Measured borehole depth
(m) / Pump and
sampling level
(m) / Date and time
(y-m-d/time) / Ground-water level
(m) / Yield
(L/min) / Notes
PVP1 / 4.0 / 3.0 / 2004-05-03/17.30 / 3.05 / 1.8
2004-05-03/18.45 / 2.85 / 0.25 / stop
2004-05-04/08.00 / 1.06 / 0.25 / start
2004-05-04/10.00 / 2.90 / 0.25 / Stop
PVP1 / 3.90 / 2.50 / 2005-10-11/07.40 / 0.69 / 2.8
2005-10-11/09.50 / 1.19 / 2.4 / brown water
2005-10-11/12.10 / 1.01 / 2.0 / sampling
PVP1 / 3.92 / 2.50 / 2006-04-27/06.35 / 0.43 / - / pump start
2006-04-27/06.55 / 1.25 / 2.6
2006-04-27/07.45 / 1.19 / 2.6 / brown water
2006-04-27/10.20 / 1.19 / 2.4 / sampling
PVP1 / 3.93 / 2.50 / 2006-10-12/06.20 / 0.70 / -
2006-10-12/06.50 / 1.32 / 3.4 / pump start
2006-10-12/08.00 / 1.80 / 3.0
2006-10-12/09.00 / 1.90 / 3.0
2006-10-12/09.25 / - / - / sampling
PVP3B / 4.5 / 3 / 2004-05-03/12:20 / 0.60 / 4.0 / start
2004-05-03/13:55 / 2.60 / 3.0 / run
2004-05-03/15.30 / 2.65 / 2.5 / stop
PVP3A / 8.5 / 7.5 / 2004-05-03/09:50 / 0.70 / start
2004-05-03/10:00 / 2.96
2004-05-03/10:35 / 6.90 / 2.7
2004-05-03/12:15 / 7.08 / 2.5
2004-05-03/13:30 / 7.00 / Stop
PVP4A / 10 / 9 / 2004-05-04/13:15 / 1.25 / start
2004-05-04/13:20 / 6.0
2004-05-04/14:45 / 7.30 / 6.0 / stop
PVP4A / 10.20 / 5.0 / 2005-10-12/07.40 / 1.14 / 4.8 / pump start
2005-10-12/09.55 / - / 4.5
2005-10-12/12.10 / - / - / sampling
PVP4A / 10.36 / 6.0 / 2006-04-27/06.20 / 0.85 / - / pump start
2006-04-27/06.35 / 2.85 / 4.5
2006-04-27/08.00 / 3.27 / 4.4
2006-04-27/08.35 / 3.36 / 3.9 / sampling 1
2006-04-27/14.45 / 3.16 / - / sampling 2
PVP4A / 10.20 / 5.0 / 2006-10-10/11.10 / 1.17 / 6.0 / pump start
2006-10-10/11.20 / 3.04 / 5.5
2006-10-10/12.50 / - / -
2006-10-10/13.20 / - / - / sampling
PVP4B / 9.5 / 8 / 2004-05-04/13.45 / 1.80 / start
2004-05-04/14:55 / 6.70 / 0.70
2004-05-04/17:10 / 0.70 / stop
PVP13 / 5.60 / 4.0 / 2005-10-12/10.40 / 1.51 / 1.06 / roily water
2005-10-12/10.40 / 1.87 / 0.80 / clear water
Borehole / Measured borehole depth
(m) / Pump and
sampling level
(m) / Date and time
(y-m-d/time) / Ground-water level
(m) / Yield
(L/min) / Notes
PVP13 / 5.60 / 4.0 / 2005-10-12/10.40 / 1.99 / 0.85 / sampling
PVP13 / 5.64 / 3.0 / 2006-04-26/06.35 / 0.89
2006-04-26/06.45 / 1.95 / 1.10 / pump start
2006-04-26/08.00 / 1.91 / 1.10
2006-04-26/09.05 / 1.93 / 1.10
2006-04-26/11.00 / 1.64 / 0.76 / sampling
PVP13 / 5.60 / 4.0 / 2006-10-12/10.40 / 2.49 / 0.75 / pump start
2006-10-12/10.40 / - / 0.70
2006-10-12/10.40 / 2.98 / 0.70
2006-10-12/10.40 / - / - / sampling
PVP14 / 9.0 / 5.0 / 2005-10-14/07.45 / 2.29 / 5.2
2005-10-14/08.50 / - / 5.2
2005-10-14/09.35 / - / 5.2 / sampling
PVP14 / 9.08 / 6.0 / 2006-04-26/06.20 / 1.34 / - / pump start
2006-04-26/06.30 / 3.18 / 5.1
2006-04-26/08.10 / 3.39 / 4.9
2006-04-26/08.45 / - / - / sampling
PVP14 / 9.08 / 5.5 / 2006-10-10/06.25 / 4.6 / 4.2 / pump start
2006-10-10/07.30 / - / 1.8
2006-10-10/08.30 / - / 1.8
2006-10-10/09.30 / - / 1.8
2006-10-10/10.15 / - / - / sampling
PVP20 / 12.80 / 5.0 / 2005-10-13/07.53 / 0.71 / 0.4 / pump start
2005-10-13/09.20 / 0.4
2005-10-13/09.30 / sampling
PVP20 / - / - / 2006-04-26/00.00 / - / - / frozen
PVP20 / 12.80 / 5.0 / 2006-10-10/07.45 / 1.14 / 1.05 / pump start
2006-10-10/09.45 / - / 1.06
2006-10-10/12.30 / - / -
2006-10-10/14.35 / - / -
2006-10-10/15.20 / - / - / sampling
Supplementary Table 2. Identification information for the deep boreholes sampled for microbiological analyses. Note that the majority of the boreholes were inclined. Therefore, the sampled section positions do not coincide with the mid elevation below sea level (z).
(m) / Mid elevation,
z
(m) / Sample
date
OL-KR-2 / KR2-329-1 / 328.5–330.5 / -306.2 / 2004-12-20
OL-KR-6 / KR6-98-8 / 98.5–100.5 / -73.7 / 2006-10-16
OL-KR-6 / KR6-125-6 / 125–130 / -94.1 / 2006-06-26
OL-KR-6 / KR6-135-8 / 135–137 / -101.8 / 2006-08-22
OL-KR-6 / KR6-422-5 / 422–425 / -328.4 / 2006-05-11
OL-KR-7 / KR7-275-1 / 275.5–289.5 / -249.4 / 2005-03-01
OL-KR-8 / KR8-77-1 / 77.0–84.0 / -57.3 / 2005-10-25
OL-KR-8 / KR8-302-2 / 302.0–310.0 / -260.7 / 2006-06-06
OL-KR-10 / KR10-326-2 / 326.0–328.0 / -316.0 / 2006-06-19
OL-KR-10 / KR10-115-1 / 115.5–118.5 / -106.0 / 2005-02-21
OL-KR-13 / KR13-362-2 / 362.0–365.0 / -294.0 / 2004-10-12
OL-KR-13 / KR13-362-3 / 362.0–365.0 / -294.0 / 2006-03-14
OL-KR-19 / KR19-526-1 / 525.5–539.5 / -449.6 / 2004-11-08
OL-KR-27 / KR27-247-1 / 247.0–264.0 / -193.5 / 2004-11-09
OL-KR-27 / KR27-503-1 / 503.0–506.0 / -391.7 / 2005-01-17
OL-KR-31 / KR31-143-1 / 143.0–146.0 / -122.4 / 2006-10-24
OL-KR-32 / KR32-50-1 / 50.0–52.0 / -34.6 / 2006-01-10
OL-KR-33 / KR33-95-1 / 95.0–107.0 / -70.6 / 2006-01-24
OL-KR-37 / KR37-166-1 / 166–176 / -111.6 / 2006-11-28
OL-KR-39 / KR39-108-1 / 108.0–110.0 / -88.2 / 2006-05-30
OL-KR-39 / KR39-403-1 / 403.0–406.0 / -344.8 / 2006-04-03
Supplementary Table 3. Pre-treatment of the shallow and deep groundwater samples.
Conductivity, density, pH, NH4 / 1 ´ 0.5 HDPE / -/- / - / TVO
Alkalinity,
acidity / 1 ´ 0.5 Duran bottle / x/x / Sampling with titration sampler. / TVO
S2– / 3 ´ 0.1 measuring bottle / x/x / 0.5 mL Zn(Ac)2 and 0.5 mL
0.1 M NaOH. Sampling with sampler. / TVO
Cl, Br, SO4, Stot / 1 ´ 0.25 HDPE / -/x / TVO
F / 1 ´ 0.25 HDPE / -/x / TVO
Fe2+, Fetot / 6 ´ 0.05 measuring bottle / x/x / Adding a ferrozine reagent to Fe2+ samples in nitrogen atmosphere. Sampling with sampler. / TVO
Sodium fluorescein / 1 ´ 0.05 measuring bottle / -/x / TVO
DIC/DOC / 1 ´ 0.05 brown glass bottle / -/x / Sampling with sampler. / TVO
Na, Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, SiO2 / 1 ´ 0.25 PE,
acid washed / -/x / 2.5 mL conc. HNO3 / 250 mL / TVO
PO4 / 1 ´ 0.25 HDPE / -/x / 2.5 mL 4 M H2SO4/ 250 mL / TVO
Sr, Btot / 1 ´ 0.1 HDPE,
acid washed / -/x / 1 mL suprapur HNO3 / 100 mL / VTT
Ntot, NO2, NO3 / 1 ´ 0.25 HDPE / -/x / Rauman ymp. lab.
H-2, O-18 / 1 ´ 0.125 Nalgene bottle / -/- / Bottle is filled to the brim. / GTK
H-3 / 1 ´ 0.25 glass bottle / -/- / The Netherlands
C-13 / C-14 / 1 ´ 0.2 brown class bottle / -/x / Uppsala
Sr-87 / Sr-86 / 1 ´ 0.125 Nalgene, acid washed / -/- / GTK
Rn-222 / 1 ´ 0.01 Ultimagold solution bottle / -/- / Sampling time is written down. / STUK
S-34 (SO4),
O-18 (SO4) / 1 ´ Nalgene / -/- / Sample volume depends on SO4-concentration. Zn(Ac)2 is added to sample according to Posiva water sampling quide. / Waterloo
Uranium, U-238 / 1 ´ 1 PE,
HCl-washed / -/x / 50 mL conc. HCl / 1 L.
Filters are sent to HYRL for analyses. / HYRL
Uranium,
U-234/U-238 / 1 ´ 1 PE,
HCl-washed / -/x / 50 mL conc. HCl / 1 L.
Filters are sent to HYRL for analyses. / HYRL
PE = polyethylene, HDPE = high-density polyethylene
Laboratories:
TVO Teollisuuden Voima Oy
VTT VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
Rauman ymp. lab. Rauman ympäristölaboratorio
Uppsala Ångström-laboratory, University of Uppsala, Sweden
GTK Geological Survey of Finland
Waterloo Environmental Isotope Lab, University of Waterloo, Canada
The Netherlands Centre for isotope research, Groningen, The Netherlands
STUK Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland
HYRL Department of Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
Supplementary Table 3. Methods and detection limits for groundwater chemistry.
pH / pH meter
ISO-10532 / ± 0.05
Conductivity / Conductivity analyser
SFS-EN-27888 / 5 µS/cm / 5%
Density / Posiva water sampling guide /1 / ± 0.001 g/cm3
Sodium fluorescein / Fluorometry / 1 µg/l / 15 µg/l: 0.8%
200 µg/l: 1.2%
275 µg/l: 0.4%
Alkalinity / Titration/Posiva water sampling guide /1 / 0.05 mmol/L / ± 5%
Acidity / Titration/Posiva water sampling guide /1 / 0.05 mmol/L / ± 10%
DOC/DIC / SFS-EN 1484 / 0.1 mg/L
Fetot / Spectrophotometry/ Posiva water sampling guide /1 / 0.01 mg/L / ± 5%
Fe2+ / Spectrophotometry/ Posiva water sampling guide/1 / 0.01 mg/L / ± 5%
Fetot,, Mn
K, Na
SiO2
Ca
Mg / ICP/OES / 0.002 mg/L
0.5 mg/L
0.01 mg/L
0.1 mg/L
0.02 mg/L
Sr
Btot / ICP-MS / 0.5 µg/L
2 µg/L
Cl / Titration/Posiva water sampling guide/1 / 5 mg/L / ± 2.5%
Br / IC, conductivity detector. SFS-EN ISO 10304-1 / 0.5 mg/L / ± 4.2%
F / ISE/ Posiva water sampling guide/1 / 0.1 mg/L / ± 5%
PO4 / Spectrophotometer
SFS-EN 1189 / 0.012 mg/L / ± 24%
S2– / Spectrophotometer
SFS 3038 / 0.01 mg/L / 0.07 mg/L: 36%
0.17 mg/L: 17%
0.53 mg/L: 10%
SO4 / IC, conductivity detector. SFS-EN ISO 10304-1 / 1.25 mg/L / ± 3.2%
Stot / H2O2 oxidation +IC / 0.2 mg/L
NH4 / Spectrophotometer
SFS 3032 / 0.002 mg/L / ± 4%
Total nitrogen, Ntot / HPLC
SFS3031 / 0.20 mg/L
Nitrate, NO3 / HPLC
Internal method n:o 10 / 3.0 mg/L / 3.0–5.0 mg/L: 12%
>5.0 mg/L: 7%
Nitrite, NO2 / Spectrophotometer
SFS3029:1976 / 0.010 mg/L / 0.010–0.10 mg/L: 10%
>0.10 mg/L: 8%
18O / MS / < 0.1‰
18O (SO4) / MS / 0.5‰
Supplementary Table 3, continued. Methods and detection limits for groundwater chemistry.