What Type of Cells Are Produced Through Mitosis? (Somatic)

Chapter 12

·  What type of cells are produced through mitosis? (somatic)

·  How many cells does mitosis produce? (2)

·  If you have 20 chromosomes, how many chromatids do you have? (40)

·  If you have 20 chromosomes, how many centromeres do you have? (20)

·  What are 3 types of cells you could expect to find in the G0 stage of the cell cycle? (nerve, muscle, bone)

·  You find a tumor on your pet rat that isn’t spreading. Is it benign or malignant? (benign)

Chapter 13

·  What kind of cells does meiosis produce? (gametes)

·  How many cells does meiosis produce? (4)

·  How many pairs of autosomes are present in a somatic cell? (22)

·  How many sets of chromosomes does an animal that is 3n have? (3)

·  Through what process are recombinant chromosomes produced? (crossing over)

·  What is a locus? (a specific location of a gene on a chromosome)

Chapter 14

·  What is an allele? (an alternative version of a gene)

·  What is a phenotype? (observable traits of an organism)

·  What would be the phenotype of the F1 generation be for a purple flower and white flower be if purple is dominant? (purple)

·  What is pleiotropy? (one gene has many effects)

·  What is epistasis? (one gene controls if another gene is expressed or not)

·  Give an example of a genotype of a carrier? (Aa, or any heterozygote)

Chapter 15

·  Where are sex-linked genes found? (on sex chromosomes)

·  How are recombinant offspring different than their parents? (they have different phenotypes)

·  What is the formula for calculating a recombination frequency? (# of recombinant offspring/total offspring)

·  What effect does gene location have on recombination frequency? (genes farther apart have a higher frequency of recombination)

·  What is a Barr body? (an inactive female X chromosome)

·  How does nondisjunction occur? (when homologous pairs fail to separate during meiosis)

Chapter 22

·  What phrase did Darwin use to explain evolution? (descent w/ modification)

·  Who advocated catastrophism? (Cuvier)

·  What was Lamarck’s theory about evolution? (use and disuse, acquired traits)

·  Who advocated uniformitarianism? (Lyell and Hutton)

·  How does natural selection depend on the environment? (organisms better equipped for the environment will have a tendency to survive)

·  Which is more comprehensive: a theory or a hypothesis? (theory)

Chapter 23

·  What is a gene pool? (collection of all genes in a population)

·  What causes gene flow? (migration of individuals or movement of gametes)

·  What does mutation create? (new alleles)

·  What does genetic drift cause? (reduced genetic variability)

·  What does “q” in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represent? (frequency of recessive alleles)

·  What does 2pq in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represent? (frequency of heterozygous individuals)

Chapter 24

·  What does Biological species concept state? (a species is a group of populations whose members are capable of interbreeding)

·  What does Phylogenetic species concept state? (a species is the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor)

·  What do prezygotic barriers prevent? (keep members of different species from trying to mate)

·  What do postzygotic barriers prevent? (the zygote from developing into a viable, fertile offspring)

·  What is allopatric speciation? (biologically related species are physically separated and become “new” species)

·  What is a hybrid zone? (a region where members of different species can meet and mate)

Chapter 12, 2

·  During what stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place? (S, synthesis)

·  Where do microtubules originate from in mitosis? (centrosomes)

·  What is a kinetochore? (structure on chromosomes where spindle fibers attach to pull chromosomes apart)

·  What is cytokinesis? (separation of cytoplasm; physical splitting of cell after mitosis)

·  What happens during the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle? (growth!)

·  What is a centromere? (middle part of chromosome where sister chromatids meet)

Chapter 13, 2

·  How many autosomes are found in a gamete? (22)

·  What is synapsis? (pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis)

·  What is a chiasmata? (junction where chromosomes meet and exchange pieces during crossing over)

·  What human cells are diploid? (somatic)

·  What is one way of increasing genetic variation in sexually-reproducing plants and animals? (crossing over, random fertilization, independent assortment)

·  How does independent assortment of chromosomes occur? (homologous chromosomes line up randomly and independently at the metaphase plate during meiosis I)

Chapter 14, 2

·  Describe incomplete dominance. (neither parent genotype is completely dominant, so they mix)

·  What is the purpose of a testcross? (to determine the genotype of a heterozygous individual)

·  What phenotypic ratio would you get by crossing a homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive flower? (all 4 would look like homozygous dominant parent)

·  What phenotypic ratio would you get by crossing the F1 generation that was created from mating 2 true-breeding parents? (3:1)

·  How many traits are examined in a monohybrid cross? (1)

·  How many characters are examined in a dihybrid cross? (4)

Chapter 15, 2

·  Where are linked genes found? (on the same chromosome)

·  What are wild type phenotypes? (the normal type)

·  What is aneuploidy? (abnormal chromosome number)

·  What is polyploidy? (abnormal number of chromosome sets)

·  Why do men inherit sex-linked disorders more often than women? (receive X from mother, if the X has a disorder allele on it, they will get the disorder)

·  How can aneuploidy be written formulaically? (2n+1 or 2n-1)

Chapter 22, 2

·  What is microevolution? (small scale changes in allele frequencies)

·  What is the smallest unit that can evolve? (population)

·  What was Lyell and Hutton’s theory about evolution? (uniformitarianism)

·  What was Cuvier’s theory about evolution? (catastrophism)

·  What was the name of Darwin’s book about evolution? (On the Origin of Species)

·  What is artificial selection? (choosing which traits to mate)

Chapter 23, 2

·  What is relative fitness? (the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to other individuals)

·  What is most important in producing genetic differences to make adaptations possible? (sexual recombination)

·  What causes allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next in small populations? (genetic drift)

·  What are some of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (extremely small pop. size, no migration in or out)

·  What is the founder effect? (loss of genetic variation when a new population is founded by a few members of a species)

·  What is the bottleneck effect? (a large number of individuals from a species are killed off or prevented from reproducing)

Chapter 24, 2

·  What are some examples of prezygotic barriers? (habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation)

·  What are some postzygotic barriers? (reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown)

·  What needs to be established for allopatric speciation to occur? (geographic isolation)

·  What does the punctuated equilibrium model suggest? (new species go away and come about suddenly)

·  What does reinforcement in a hybrid zone do? (natural selection strengthens prezygotic barriers to reproduction so that hybrid offspring are no longer created)

·  What does fusion in a hybrid zone do? (barriers to reproduction are weak, and so members mate frequently and gene pools become increasingly alike)